Term
| convergent boundary between oc and cont plates |
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Definition
| volcanic mountains, subduction zones |
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Term
| convergent boundary between oc and oc |
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Definition
| island arc, subduction zones |
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Term
| convergent boundary between cont and cont |
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Definition
| mountains, collision zones, Appalachian Mountains |
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Term
| a majority of terrigenous sediment deposits come from what/where? |
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Definition
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Term
| zones of the Earth's interior |
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Definition
| inner and outer mantle, inner and outer cores, crust |
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Term
| compositions of the cores |
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Definition
| both magnetic; inner is solid and outer is liquid |
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Term
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Definition
| earthquakes, trenches, San Andreas Fault |
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Term
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Definition
| oceanic spreading ridge, new ocean basins, Mid-Atlantic Ridge |
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Term
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Definition
| hot spots or transform/convergent boundaries |
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Term
| formation of rift valleys |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a ring-shaped reef, island, or chain of islands formed of coral |
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Term
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Definition
| a ridge of jagged rock, coral, or sand just above or below the surface of the sea, teeming with life |
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Term
| difference between an atoll and a reef |
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Definition
| atolls are very specific types of reefs; forms under around the mouth of an underwater volcano |
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Term
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Definition
| point at which coral dies because of cold temperatures |
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Term
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Definition
| pillow lavas in part of the ophiolite sequence; like toothpaste out of a tube; where oc. crust is submerging and where hot spots once were |
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Term
| main rock of oceanic rock |
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Definition
| basalt; lighter/less dense than granite, darker in color, finer grain bc faster cooling, thin, iron |
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Term
| main rock of continental rock |
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Definition
| granite; heavier/more dense than basalt, lighter in color, coarse grain bc slower cooling, thick, more siliceous |
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Term
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Definition
| come from weathering/erosion (mostly), "of earth", 45% of sea floor, sand, mud and silts |
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Term
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Definition
| come from the lithification of old fossils and skeletal remains, 55% of sea floor, calcareous and siliceous oozes |
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Term
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Definition
| come from meteorites and space junk, 0% of sea floor, tektites, heats up impact spot and kicks up instantly molten rock |
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Term
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Definition
| come from the precipitation of minerals from water, 1% of sea floor, manganese nodules and evaporites |
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Term
| how is sediment transported |
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Definition
| rivers, glacial deposits, wind-blown dust, coastal erosion, groundwater, volcanic activity |
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Term
| siliceous oozes (examples) |
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Definition
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Term
| calcareous oozes (examples) |
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Definition
| foraminifera and coccoliths (c make up the chalk deposits of the world and are photosynthesizers) |
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Term
| sediments provide us with what pertinent information? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| formed from the lithification of fossilized forams, limestone, require specific environments, include oolites |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| temperature point at which all 3 phases of water can exist at the same time; 0*C and .01 atm (atmospheric pressure) |
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Term
| Law of Conservation of Energy |
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Definition
| energy cannot be created nor destroyed, can only be destroyed |
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Term
| 1st Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| change in internal energy of a system=heat added to the system-the work done by the system |
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Term
| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| in all systems and all transformations of energy, some is lost as heat and cannot be used for work |
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Term
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Definition
| total of all energy (potential+kinetic) of the particles that make up a substance |
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Term
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Definition
| energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance 1*C, high heat capacity of water is what regulates the temperature of earth today-also gives us humidity and seasons |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid evaporation within and on the surface of a susbatance |
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Term
| polarity of water molecules |
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Definition
| polar-both positively and negatively charged (depends on part of the molecule), but a slight positive charge overall |
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Term
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Definition
| bent molecule 104*-allows for frozen water to be less dense than liquid, looks like Mickey Mouse, hydrogen bonds attach different molecules, covalent bonds attach within the molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| a molecule in which a concentration of positive electric charge is separated from a concentration of negative charge |
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Term
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Definition
| within water molecules so they stay together, surface tension |
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Term
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Definition
| water molecules stick to other water molecules and other unlike substances |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| substance in which things are dissolved, water is the universal solvent bc so many substances are dissolved in it |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that becomes dissolved |
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Term
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Definition
| positively charged ions, comes from , K+ |
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Term
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Definition
| negatively charged ions, come from outgassing/volcanic activity, Cl- |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| slightly basic-acidic water would destroy some fossils/sediments |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of the ocean to remain at around the same pH-neutralizes very quickly |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| temperature, can be measured with thermometer |
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Term
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Definition
| dry ground heats faster than moist ground; land heats daily and oceans heat seasonally; much higher range of temperatures on land than in oceans-make coastal climates more mild than continental ones |
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Term
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Definition
| temperature, salinity and pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| adhesion, cohesion, surface tension, high specific heat capacity, low viscosity, universal solvent, water expands as it freezes and makes it less dense (crystal lattice structure of ice, evaporative cooling, good sound transmission, high transparency, high boiling and melting points |
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Term
| 3 forms of motion for molecules |
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Definition
| rotation, translation and vibration |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of solar radiation reaching a given area |
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Term
| large footprint vs small footprint |
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Definition
| the bigger the footprint, the less intense the sunlight/energy |
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Term
| reflection/absorption rates |
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Definition
| more reflected at poles, more absorbed at equatorial regions; surplus of heat at equator, deficit at poles |
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Term
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Definition
| separating solids from liquids |
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Term
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Definition
| NO FUCKING CLUE HAHAHA !!!!!!!!!!!! |
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Term
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Definition
| more insolation during summer, less during winter; amount of solar energy reaching the earth's surface varies by latitude and season |
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Term
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Definition
| by atmospheric and oceanic currents (also by hurricanes occasionally and slightly) |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of air from high pressure-low pressure systems |
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Term
| air pressure across the globe |
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Definition
| constant low pressure at poles, subtropics are high pressure bc hot air is always rising, equator is low pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| curving of winds and currents because of the spherical nature of the globe; air/water moves faster on the equator than the poles, Southern Hemisphere deflects to the left, Northern to the right |
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Term
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Definition
| (from equator--poles): trade winds, prevailing westerlies, polar easterlies; causes rain belts along tropics and equator |
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Term
| influences on gyre formation |
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Definition
| gravity, wind patterns, solar heating, Coriolis effect |
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Term
| salinity of land-locked water bodies |
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Definition
| very high because increased evaporation and restriction of oceanic circulation; densest/saltiest water is around poles |
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Term
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Definition
| pathways of air/wind, powerful enough to mess up some ships |
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Term
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Definition
| North and South Atlantic, Pacific, 2 in Indian oceans |
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Term
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Definition
| water in a loop/circle/oval pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| a circular movement of water, counter to a main current, causing a small whirlpool; temperature is very out of place in latitude |
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Term
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Definition
| heavy rains/flooding in eastern Pacific, weakening of trade winds, upwellings off the coast of South America, temperatures in eastern Pacific rise, eastern Pacific gets more humid, western Pacific gets drier, normal weather patterns are disrupted |
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Term
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Definition
| waters get cooler (not as disruptive as El Nino) |
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Term
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Definition
| after an El Nino, there is a drop in pressure in the eastern Pacific and a rise in the western |
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Term
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Definition
| "harbor wave", seismic wave, mad destruction, restored by gravity |
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Term
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Definition
| undersea earthquake (most common), volcanic eruption, undersea landslide, meteorite/asteroid impact |
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Term
| differences between tsunamis and regular waves |
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Definition
| tsunamis are bigger, more lateral and do much more damage |
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Term
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Definition
| linear pattern of waves arriving at the shore |
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Term
| constructive interference |
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Definition
| when waves hit each other and combine to form a larger wave, ex: rogue waves |
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Term
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Definition
| when waves hit and cancel each other out |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by gravity of moon/sun, restored by gravity, very regular and predictable, neap (weak) and spring (strong tides) are determined by the position of the moon (straight orientation/new and full moons=spring, perpendicular/1st and 3rd quarter moons=neap) |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by wind and restored by gravity, orbital patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by wind and restored by surface tension, very small and insignificant waves |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by wind and restored by gravity, shape of waves are influenced by shape of the coastline |
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Term
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Definition
| water going out from coastal bay to ocean |
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Term
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Definition
| water going in to the coastal bay from the ocean |
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Term
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Definition
| no water is rushing significantly in either direction |
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Term
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Definition
| break in barrier island where water goes in and out (flood and ebb tides), are highly influenced by tides |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively consistent highs and lows, 2 highs and 1 low or 2 lows and 1 high/tidal day |
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Term
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Definition
| high tidal range, very asymmetrical and not very predictable, 2 highs and 1 low or 2 lows and 1 high |
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Term
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Definition
| not a huge difference between high and low tides, 1 high and 1 low per tidal day |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| movement of water in a tide |
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Definition
| horizontal and vertical movement but the horizontal is the only component moves water |
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Term
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Definition
| (different from Equilibrium Tidal Model), shows that tides are influenced by the shapes of continents, egg shaped bulges in which the Earth rotates |
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Term
| complications with Equilibrium Tidal Theory |
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Definition
| lunar day is longer than an Earth day, the tilt is not taken into account, elliptical orbit of moon is not taken into account (assumed circular), Coriolis effect not accounted for, declination (angle) of moon in it's orbit, orbit of Earth around sun is assumed circular when it's elliptical |
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Term
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Definition
| place on Earth's water surface with no movement |
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Term
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Definition
| anywhere a high tide is present on Dynamic Tidal Theory |
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Term
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Definition
| irregularity of coastline, leap frog effect of the sand |
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Term
| what forces shape the coastlines? |
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Definition
| wind, waves and currents (and occasionally the huge storms like nor' easters and El Ninos) |
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Term
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Definition
| waves "stubbing their toes" and curving because of coastlines and shallowing water, causes irregular coastlines |
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Term
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Definition
| random rock protruding above the surface of the water, formed from sea arches that have been worn down over time from waves and gravity |
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Term
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Definition
| 1/2 wave length, where orbital motion stops, when it hits the ocean floor, the wave begins to refract and slow down |
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Term
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Definition
| rivers that fall off the sides of cliffs that used to be in line/even with the shore |
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Term
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Definition
| sand transport because wave energy pulling them up and gravity shoving it back down; swimming in the ocean and looking back to see you've drifted farther from your towel; carries sediments to create sand bars and whatnot |
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Term
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Definition
| curved end of a spit, always points towards the mainland |
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Term
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Definition
| sand connector between mainland and sea island, can disappear with high tides, doubly concave |
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Term
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Definition
| goes across embayments in a perpendicular and linear fashion, results from weak rock on mainland |
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Term
| when/how do many inlets form? |
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Definition
| large storms/nor' easters |
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Term
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Definition
| not entirely connected to mainland, very linear on ocean-side and much more irregular on bay side, protect mainland from most waves/currents, causes a lot of wave refraction, most dynamic features on Earth's surface-storm surges can create or destroy them |
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Term
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Definition
| mixing ground between freshwater from streams/rivers and saltwater from oceans |
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Term
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Definition
| low, flat-lying area that’s been flooded by sea and river, ex: Chesapeake Bay |
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Term
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Definition
| river valley that was occupied by a large glacier in the Ice Age, very deep and narrow, ex: Hardangerfjord |
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Term
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Definition
| coastal plain estuaries but they have barrier islands, also aren’t as long, ex: Pamlico Sound |
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Term
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Definition
| shape of estuary is representative of the transform fault, on top of said transform fault, ex: San Francisco Bay |
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Term
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Definition
| in polar and temperate regions, swampish, no trees, where many animals start their lives (nursery) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| where a river/stream meets an estuary |
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Term
| vertical mixing in an estuary |
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Definition
| not much mixing of fresh and salt water |
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Term
| biggest influences on estuaries |
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Definition
| TIDES, rivers, fluvial (river) sediments, marine sediments, waves |
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Term
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Definition
| add something to water to clump together suspended sediment |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria, eukarya, archaea |
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Term
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Definition
| an informal term for any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, plant or fungus |
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Term
| "the holy trinity of marine biology" |
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Definition
| adaptation, zonation and diversity |
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Term
| what causes diversity among marine bio? |
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Definition
| ecological diversity leads to species diversity |
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Term
| different types of diversity |
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Definition
| ecological/habitat, DNA, species |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. find food. 2. avoid being food. 3. mate successfully. 4. raise babies to adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
| adaptation of fish to swim fastest/most effectively; pressure drag--frictional frag--vortex drag, bullet shaped, tuna |
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Term
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Definition
| storage of oxygen in kelp (and other organisms) to stay buoyant; organisms without air bladders must "just keep swimming" to stay afloat |
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Term
| physical support adaptation |
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Definition
| skeleton of large whales cannot stay open on their own-when beached, it collapses almost immediately and crushes them so they suffocate:( |
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Term
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Definition
| blubber or fur coat to keep organisms warm |
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Term
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Definition
| graphic that shows how most organisms are in the optimum range zone of middle temperatures and very few are in the zone of physiological stress (organisms that are probably have a special adaptation) and none are in the zone of intolerance (too hot or too cold of temperatures) |
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Term
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Definition
| stress on the system that allows some organisms to thrive and others to die |
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Term
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Definition
| albatross system of filtering water and oozing salt out its head, super concentrated urine and/or osmoregulation |
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Term
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Definition
| process of concentrating salt and minimizing water lost to keep from dehydration |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of some deep-sea organism to create their own light to attract mates and prey |
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Term
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Definition
| differentiation of parts of the ocean based on chemical and physical properties |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that weakly swim or float, ex: jellyfish |
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Term
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Definition
| live within or just above the ocean floor and do not swim-may crawl or glide or not move at all; ex: lobsters, coral |
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Term
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Definition
| powerful swimmers; ex: whales, sharks |
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Term
| rocky shoreline communities/zonation |
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Definition
| very vertical, separated from supra upper, middle and lower tidal (and sublittoral at the very deep areas) ranges |
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Term
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Definition
| use sulfur compounds to do a very similar job to photosynthesis, occurs around mid-ocean ridges |
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Term
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Definition
| organism that makes its own food, photosynthesizers |
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Term
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Definition
| cannot make its own food so it consumes others for nutrition and sustenance |
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Term
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Definition
| 6CO2+6H20+sunlight=C6H12O6+6O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| 6O2+C6H12O6=6CO2+6H20+energy |
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Term
| what does the fossil record demonstrate? |
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Definition
| 1. life forms have gotten increasingly more complicated over time-used to be much simpler. 2. some organisms have gone extinct. 3. some organisms have remained practically unchanged over eons (ex: horseshoe crab), evolutionary stability |
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Term
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Definition
| explains these obvious similarities among such disparate species; the fin or flipper is ideal for locomotion through water, no common ancestor but they have very similar traits that are used for relatively similar tasks |
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Term
| Alfred Wallace and Charles Darwin |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| acts as the "selective breeder" in nature |
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Term
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Definition
| those well-adjusted to the environmental conditions had a better chance of survival than those that were ill-adjusted |
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Term
| Charles Darwin's "Origin" |
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Definition
| 1. genetic variation. 2. groups tend to reproduce in geometric ratio 3. numbers of species remain relatively constant. 4. struggle for existence. 5. survival of the fittest. |
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Term
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Definition
| process of "survival of the fittest" over many years and generations |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in populations over time |
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Term
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Definition
| extreme and/or sudden environmental change(s) |
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Term
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Definition
| all organisms leave an area |
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Term
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Definition
| did experiments on peas to determine dominant and recessive traits, father of modern genetics |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of an animal or plant breeding with an individual of another species or variety |
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Term
| quote from the "Forest of the Deep" video that Haynes loves |
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Definition
| “the legacy of a brutal year will be generations of storm-tested genes” |
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