Term
| earth's structure: chemical |
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Definition
| crust, mantle and core all have different rocks than each other |
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Term
| earth's structure: phyiscal |
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Definition
| lithosphere (continent and oceanic), athenospheric mantle, lower mantle, outer and inner core |
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Term
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Definition
| produced in the photic zone by photosynthesis, top 100 m. net consumption below photic zone by respiration, |
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Term
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Definition
| goes easily into ocean, slowly from ocean to atmosphere because it is used in photosynthesis and released with respiration. dissolved CO2 is not common, most in carbonates or seds |
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Term
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Definition
| needed for organic processes and skeletal growth, consumed in photic zone, lots in deep waters due to bacterial break down of dead shit, up welling transports |
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Term
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Definition
| 10 km high, weather layer, most of atmospheres mass |
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Term
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Definition
| warm air expands, less dense than cold. solubility increases with temp, warm air can store more water vapor |
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Term
| vertical atmosphere structure |
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Definition
| air decompresses with elevation above sea level, decompression lowers temp, while compression raises it |
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Term
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Definition
| temperature of air if it were at sea level; remains mostly constant |
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Term
| vertical atmosphere variation |
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Definition
| well-mixed air has uniform potl T., so its neither positively or negatively buoyant. convection occurs when there are gradients in the potl T |
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Term
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Definition
| rising air expands and cools, t decreases while potl T remains constant. H20 vapor is released and condenses into clouds. lowering air compresses and warms it, increases temp so clear skies |
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Term
| solar heating of atmosphere |
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Definition
| max along equator, min at poles (convection cell heated at equator, air rises, then cools at the poles and sinks |
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Term
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Definition
| surface flow tries to go from high to low, so you would predict air movement is predominantly from poles to equator however its not cause coriolis |
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Term
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Definition
| causes a particle to curve, because of the rotation of earth, motions are deflected to their right in the northern hemispheres, max at poles, 0 at equator |
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Term
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Definition
| coriolis effect breaks up atmosphere into three convection cells per hemisphere, without rotation the flow of air would go from high to low, with rotation tries to go h to l, but deflected |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| surface pressure and weather |
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Definition
| low pressure: ascending air adn cloud formation (because the airs is cooling and losing water) high pressure: descending air and clear skies |
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Term
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Definition
| surface are wind driven, while deep ocean are density driven |
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Term
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Definition
| ocean gyres follow prevailing winds, without continents surface currents would flow along latitudinal belts (like Jupiter) continents break flow and force it to gyrate around the basin |
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Term
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Definition
| air from westerlies pushes water down, while air form the trade winds pushes water up. the water meets in the middle, creating a high middle (1-2 km higher) in the gyres, resulting in a clockwise gyre flow in northern hemisphere |
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Term
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Definition
| basically water is moved from the air because of coriolis |
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Term
| western boundary currents |
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Definition
| fastest, deepest currents, equatorial currents are deflected to high latitudes by continental boundaries, transport heat to high latitudes (less than 100 km wide, 1-2 km deep, flow rate: 100km/day) |
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Term
| eastern boundary currents |
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Definition
| shallow, broad, slow currents, return flow to equator, transport cold water to the equator (greater than 1000 km wide, less than .5 km deep, moves around 10 km of water per day) |
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Term
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Definition
| coriolis increases with latitude, leading to an off center hill of water in the gyre (tradewinds don't push as much), the hill squeezes water between it and the continent leading to faster currents |
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Term
| antarctic circumpolar current |
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Definition
| winds drive eastward flow around Antarctica, largest ocean current volume in the world, no continents in the way, effects ocean floor at 5 km |
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Term
| Upwellings and downwellings |
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Definition
| caused by convergence/divergence of water, driven by ekman transport (winds pulling water together/away from each other) adn gravity flows |
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Term
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Definition
| coriolis causes divergence away from the equator resulting in an upwelling flow all around |
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Term
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Definition
| centers of ocean gyres are mostly downwelling, ekman transport forces fluid either into center (downwelling) or out to the sides (upwelling) |
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Term
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Definition
| ekman transport away from shoreline forces upwelling |
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Term
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Definition
| north to south winds drive down cold air/water from north plus coastal upwellings leads to cold summers |
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Term
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Definition
| south to north winds drives warm air/water from Gulf of Mexico/equator, hot humid summers |
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Term
| Marine layer and June gloom |
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Definition
| cold upwelling waters produce a thin low-laying could layer on ocean surface which flows onto land by night |
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Term
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Definition
| called antarctic divergence, dense sinking waters and ekman transport away from current result in intense upwelling with high bioproductivity |
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Term
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Definition
| slow subsurface current, not wind driven, 90% of the ocean's water is involved, caused by temp/salinity (density) differneces, driving force is gravity |
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Term
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Definition
| dense water produced by surface conditions, and locked in once out of contact with atmosphere |
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Term
| central waters (water mass) |
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Definition
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Term
| intermediate waters (mass classification |
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Definition
| central waters to 2000m, pycnocline |
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Term
| deep waters (mass classification) |
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Definition
| to ocean bottom, tend to form under convergent centers of subtropical gyres, but most deep water is produced in the Weddell Sea (anarctica) adn the north atlantic |
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Term
| deep water: Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) |
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Definition
| formation of sea ice concentrates salt in the cold, unfrozen water, increasing salinity and density and lowing the freezing point, sinks into the antarctic circumpolar current and goes throughout the world (59% of water) |
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Term
| deep water: North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) |
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Definition
| low temps and high rate of evaporation produce cold saline water mass which sinks to the bottom and flows south, eventually mixing with the AABW |
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Term
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Definition
| where new deep water forms, higher 02 and lower co2 and nutrients, higher salinity, deeper CCD |
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Term
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Definition
| old deep waters surface, lower O2, higher CO2 and nutrients, shallower CCD |
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Term
| deep water circulation and climate |
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Definition
| deep circulation moves heat globally, without sinking flows only the surface mixed layer would be warm, with sinking flows heat is distributed throughout out the water column |
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Term
| wind driven surface currents |
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Definition
| mostly steady, long lived, transport masses of water |
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Term
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Definition
| traveling disturbances through water, water not moved, but energy is transmitted, water is the medium through which it flows, produced by time varying winds |
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Term
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Definition
| as water waves pass by, water locally moves in quasi-circular orbits |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| vertical distance between crest and trough |
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Term
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Definition
| horizontal distance between successive crest or troughs |
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Term
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Definition
| water level with not motion present |
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Term
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Definition
| depth to ocean bottom from still water level |
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Term
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Definition
| wavehight divided by wave lenght |
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Term
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Definition
| wave period (T): elapsed time during the passage of one wave of wavelenght L, aka frequency (wave cycle per second), wave speed (S): L/T, wavelenght divided by wave period |
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Term
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Definition
| circular motion leads to very little energy dissipation, waves can propagate opver long distances with little loss in energy, orbital diameter decreases with depth |
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Term
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Definition
| ocean bottom doesn't effect wave, D>1/2L, wave speed increases with wave lenght |
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Term
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Definition
| ocean bottom effects the waves, forcing them into an elliptical shape which is less efficient D<1/20L |
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Term
| bottom and shallow water waves |
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Definition
| S increases with D, the shallower the water, the slower the water travels |
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Term
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Definition
| storm conditions generate waves, maximum wave size depends on fetch(distance the wind blows to generate waves), duration(how long the wind blows), and wind speed |
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Term
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Definition
| the region where waves are generated by storm conditions, longer fetch and duration: more developed seas |
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Term
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Definition
| when seas reach max state of development for the given conditions (aka the wind blows long enough across the fetch to produces the biggest waves) |
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Term
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Definition
| waves outside the wind-sea region, no long actively forced by wind |
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Term
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Definition
| break when teh critical angle of wave crest is 120 degrees, if you make the waves any steeper, water at the top of the wave spill down the wave face |
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Term
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Definition
| when waves get close to the shore, the wave base interacts with the ocean water, the crests travel further than the troughs causing the waves to break |
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Term
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Definition
| the transition from deep to shallow water waves, when waves hit the edge of the mediums boundaries the energy from teh wave can generate currents |
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Term
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Definition
| weak bottom slope, falls slower, graceful |
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Term
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Definition
| steep bottom slope, falls very fast |
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Term
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Definition
| steepest, reflects back into ocean |
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Term
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Definition
| reflection:reversal in direction due to a boundary, interference: interaction (constructive/destructive), refraction: bending due to changing wave speed with location (waves bend toward shallowest water) |
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Term
| waves in the ocean (smallest to largest) |
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Definition
| wind waves (L<1km), seiches (basin scale sloshing wave), tsunamis, tides (shallow water waves, L>100 km) |
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Term
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Definition
| the natural rise and fall of sea level in response to gravitational pull of moon |
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Term
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Definition
| gravity = stronger on the moon side of the planet, centrifugal force stronger on opposite side, creates tidal bulges on near and far sides of earth |
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Term
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Definition
| monthly revolution of moon, takes 50 min longer each day to catch up to spot it was the night before because the earth is also spinning |
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Term
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Definition
| wave interference between solar and lunar tides, spring tide = constructive, neap tide = destructive, solar tide is 2/5 the power of lunar |
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Term
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Definition
| earth's obliquity is 23.5 degrees, so the tidal bulge doesn't line up exactly with the equator, high lats one high tide, mid lat they are mixed, equator high tide is twice a day |
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Term
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Definition
| seismic sea waves, drive by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or under water landslides, intersection of plate tectonics and ocean wave generation |
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Term
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Definition
| at subduction zones when lithosphere makes over riding plate snap back, the whole sea responds |
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Term
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Definition
| in open ocean, only 1 meter hihg and moving too slowly to be felt, danger comes from reaching the shore when they are intensified and break, but unlike other waves they keep traveling inland in sets of 2 or 3 crests |
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Term
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Definition
| when the sea draws back from the plate slipping at first. don't go check out the exposed land, run away! |
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Term
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Definition
atlantic farmed raised:avoid because if they escape they threaten wild fish, parasites can spread and waste is dumped into ocean, plus chemicals
alaskan wild: best because of the extremely good management |
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Term
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Definition
yellowfin: avoid because overfishing and catching by purse and sein fleets
bluefin: avoid because high demand has seriously overfished them and longline fishing methods have big bycatch |
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Term
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Definition
| best because Most Pacific halibut are caught with bottom longlines with little habitat damage and low accidental catch. The Pacific halibut fisheries of Alaska, Washington and Oregon are certified as sustainable to the standard of the Marine Stewardship Council |
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Term
| sea food watch: Orange Roughy |
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Definition
| avoid because they take 20 years to reproduce, overfished, and bottom trawling damages sea floor |
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Term
| sea food watch: Chilean Sea Bass |
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Definition
| avoid because Avoid Chilean seabass as it is overfished. Most are caught using bottom longlines, which lead to bycatch of seabirds, most notably endangered albatross |
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Term
| sea food watch: Swordfish |
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Definition
us longline: good alternative because its found throughout the oceans, not well managed with bad techniques
imported: avoid because worse bycatch than US |
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Term
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Definition
| local effects: tectonic forces, isostatic adjustment global effects: ocean volume change (hot spots, sea floor spreading rates) global ice volume changes, global temp variations |
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Term
| coastal environment: estuaries |
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Definition
| geologically young, semi-enclosed bodies containing mis of fresh and sea water. drowned river valleys, tectonic control. areas of high bioproductivity |
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Term
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Definition
| narrow sedimentary islands, typically form near sources of sediment, with changing sea levels, cut off sand pits, and along passive margins, geologically young, rapidly changing |
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Term
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Definition
| sea cliffs, new and/or strong coasts in which material is removed by erosion. formed by tectonic uplift. rocky cliffs with very narrow beaches from erosional debris being swept off shore and not beaten into sand. |
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Term
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Definition
| slowly growing by accumulation of sediments |
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Term
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Definition
| erosional coasts, due to undercutting by sea water |
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Term
| sea caves: erosional coasts |
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Definition
| formed by weakest material, headlands formed by strongest |
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Term
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Definition
| wave refraction leads to increase erosion of headlands eventually straightening irregular coast line |
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Term
| depostional coasts part 2 |
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Definition
| sedimentary not rocky, dominated by broad sandy beaches, thick layer of deposited sediments can buffer from erosion, erosional can evolve into depositional with the slowing of sea level change and tectonic activity |
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Term
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Definition
| because of tectonic uplift on the west only 20% of the coastline are estuaries while 80% of the east is |
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Term
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Definition
| extremely active coastal ares, contantly changing, beaches advance/retreat with sea level, materials depend on wave energy and source |
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Term
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Definition
| swash zone: covered/uncovered with each wave, foreshore zone: covered/uncovered with each tidal cycle, berm: sand beyond high-tide shoreline, longshore bar: bar of sand located near wave break |
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Term
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Definition
| no big storms, low wave energy transports sand toward shore, broad finely grained berm, relatively steep beach face |
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Term
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Definition
| poles cold, equator warm, lots of convection and storms, high wave activity rips sand from beach and dumps it beyond surf zone, eroded berm, shallow pebbly beach |
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Term
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Definition
| run parallel to beach due to slightly oblique angle of wave approach, zig-zag transport of seds along beaches |
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Term
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Definition
| run perpendicular to beach, waves pile up water on the beach, when there is a weak wave set the water rushes back out to sea in jets |
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Term
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Definition
| beach compartments, eahc begins with an eroded headland and ends with a submarine canyon, sediments are carried by longshore currents from teh headlands to the canyons and the bottom of the ocean, large cells at passive margins, most of the transport is from poles to equator |
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Term
| beach stabilization (doesn't work) |
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Definition
redirection of wave energy: breakwaters (out from shore) seawalls at shore line
redirection of longshore transport: groin outward from beach, piles up sand on one side, jetties at mouth of rivers |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of inorganic carbon (CO2) that autotrophs "fix" into organic compounds, 120 gC per year |
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Term
| primary level of food chain |
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Definition
| plankton: drifting/weakly swimming, flow with horizontal currents, small cause its easier to float in photic zone, takes very little energy |
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Term
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Definition
| majority of plant life, drifting unicellular algea, dominate organism in the ocean, 4000 species and growing |
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Term
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Definition
| most common phytoplankton, evolved recently, silica (glass rich shells), extremely efficient (55%) photosynthetic conversion rate, ares of high bioproductivity and sunlight |
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Term
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Definition
| leading calcite producers, formed from tiny, thrive in warm water with low nutrients and low light, max at 100 m in clear tropical waters |
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Term
| primary consumers: Zooplankton |
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Definition
| capable of some movement, holoplankton: permanently planktonic, meroplankton, temporarily plankton (larvae) |
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Term
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Definition
| crustacean: 5-15 mm, voracious filter feeder, key food for larger plankton |
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Term
| measuring bioproductivity |
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Definition
| colorimetry, green color correlated with primary productivity, this estimation is in good agreement with "weighting" the uptake of inorganic carbon, but a lot of scatter |
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Term
| primary production land vs ocean |
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Definition
| ocean 120 gC/m2/yr, land 150 gC/m2/yr, ocean isn't an infinite food source, same basic supply even though the turnover time is much shorter with large, rapid swings |
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Term
| regions of highest bioproductivity |
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Definition
| continental margins, upwelling (Ekman pumping) and vertical mixing, close to rivers, divergences |
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Term
| regions of lowest bioproductivity |
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Definition
| interiors of subtropic gyres (convergences), water is most stably stratified, little/no vertical mixing, deserts of the ocean |
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Term
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Definition
| coastal waters have more seds and nutrients, higher productivity, open ocean, clear water, less productive |
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Term
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Definition
| photic zone: lit by sun 100-500m, euphotic zone: profitable photosynthesis (75m), disphotic zone: twilight (75-100m), aphotic zone, no light |
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Term
| Nhemi seasonal variations |
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Definition
| winter = nutrients (mixing from storms), low sun. spring=nutrients and light leads to spring bloom. summer=warming water stops upwelling, no nutrients. fall=increased mixing, low sun |
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Term
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Definition
| sponges, (nettles) coral, jellies, anemones, worms: flat, rough, segmented, molluscs: snails, bivalves, cephalopds, anthropods: copepod, crabs, shrimp, echinoderms: sea stars, urchins |
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Term
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Definition
| swimmers, jawless fish (flexible snake like bodies, no appendages for movement, survive by sucking on wounds, eat out interior, include hagfish and lamprays) |
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Term
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Definition
| at least 280 Mya, 700 species, skates and rays are benthic, sharks pelagic, cartilage, rough sand paper skin, largest fish, no gas bladders so have to constantly swim |
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Term
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Definition
| 30,000 living species, most diverse, swim bladder, used to maintain position in the water column, hinged tailed for more efficient forward motion, gills extract O2 from the water |
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Term
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Definition
| catch prey with quick movements, white muscle fiber good for short bursts |
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Term
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Definition
| constantly swim, white and red muscle fibers, red are smaller cells, myoglobin, metabolize faster, long periods at high speeds |
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Term
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Definition
| colorization, countershading (bright bottom, dark top), schooling...no leader, high speed communication, allows them to appear largers, harder to surprise, mating, no singling out by predators |
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Term
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Definition
| evolved from small dinos, light weight adaptations and big eaters, lay eggs on land, only 3% of birds are marine species |
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Term
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Definition
| 50 Mya returned to ocean, streamlined body, large size and efficient insulation, modified respiratory system for rapid inhalation and exhalation and retention of O2, generate fresh water internally through respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| recently adapted to ocean, sea cows, dugongs (huge sea cows), otter, sea lions, seals, walruses |
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Term
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Definition
| whales and dolphins, 76 species, evolved from hoofed mammals, large brains, complex social groupings, use sound to communicate over large distances |
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Term
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Definition
| invertebrates, molluscs, "head-foot", squid octopus, cuttlefish, natilus, most evolved of the moluscs, nektobenthic lifestyle |
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Term
|
Definition
| meroplankon (larval stage), nekton as adults |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 hearts, 2 for passing blood through gills, 3rd for blood to body, blue blood (copper based) can change color very rapidly |
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Term
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Definition
| hemocyanin: only natural copper protein that combines reversibly with oxygen, not as efficient, O2 capacity of blood is low. explains need for three hearts, high metabolic rates and short lives |
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Term
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Definition
| camera eye, similar to ours, but were not really related so the design must be good, see polarization of light, esophogaus goes directly through their brain to their stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| capture prey with arms, sharp beak, 15-20% of mass per day, benthic, nocturnal hunting |
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Term
| cephalopod survival skills |
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Definition
| camouflage: color and texture, skin muscles allow for texture, inking, squeeze into small spaced, autotomizing limbs (self amputation) |
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Term
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Definition
| chormatophores (neuromuscular cell with large pigment filled compartment) allows for non-hormonal color variation of skin and thus communication, optical lobes decide visual patter, low-level chromatophore lobes exectue pattern, allows for complex visual signaling |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid assessment and complex response to stimli, intellegence similar to cats and dogs, long and short term memories with limitations due to short life span, 2/3 of neutrons located in arms, very fast reactions, giant nerve fibers in mantle |
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Term
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Definition
| increased demand mechanized fleets coupled with natural predation leads to decrease in commercial catches, overfishing is causing some to collapse, limited knowledge of fish biology-ecology limits management |
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Term
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Definition
| predators increase with prey, then prey collapses and then predators drop off and then prey regrows |
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Term
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Definition
| curtain of suspended netting floating at the top, almost invisible to marine life, head to fish goes through, gills get stuck, imprecise, lots of bycatch |
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Term
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Definition
| net encircles school of fish, bottom closed, trapping fish inside, sardine, herring, mackerel, tuna, bycatch = dolphins and turles |
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Term
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Definition
| drag cone shaped net behind boat, mid-water and benthic nets |
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Term
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Definition
| central fishing line 80 km long, strung with bait fish from hooks, lines "soak" and then are hauled in (targets pelagic) |
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Term
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Definition
| long rods pull fishing lines behind boats, selectively takes faster fish that can track a moving lure |
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Term
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Definition
| catch and haul, often use a bait boat to set up a feeding frenzy |
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Term
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Definition
| baited cages, entrance with baited "kitchen" and "parlor" with escape vents for undersized catch |
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Term
| maximum sustainable yield |
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Definition
| max harvest that won't irreparable harm future generations, global estimate is 100-135 million tons, we have already reached it |
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Term
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Definition
| when a stock has been harvest to the point that there is not enough breeding stock to replenish species, 45% of species in the US are overfished, fisheries response is to build bigger and better fleets, not to manage |
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Term
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Definition
| fisheries highly subsidized because of jobs, industry is connect to gov |
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Term
| fishing down the food web |
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Definition
| catch has migrated down the web to lower trophic levels over the past 50 years, undercuts global food pyramid, makes it almost impossible for the upper levels to rebuild |
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Term
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Definition
| ocean basins are a product of plate tectonics, sediments reflect depositional environment, layers tell earth's history |
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Term
| summary: seawater properties/chemicals |
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Definition
| water is the key to all life on earth, highest heat capacity (except ammonia), buffers temp on planet, polar molecule, J bonds lead to high melting/vapor temps and great solvent |
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Term
| summary: physical oceanography |
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Definition
| atmospheric circulation drives quasi-steady ocean currents, density driven thermohaline circulation in the deep ocean, gusting winds generate wind waves, tidal pull of moon and sun generates tides |
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Term
| summary: biological oceanography |
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Definition
| plankton:base of ocean food chain (photic zone photosynthesis), benthos: bottom dwellers, nekton: swimmers, continental margins are lush, pelagic:lush at upwelling/mixed zones |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| ocean basin formation and evolution:plate tectonics, oceans sit within 4 km deep basins which form because denser oceanic crustal lithosphere sinks deeper into the mantle |
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Term
| summary:ocean sedimentation |
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Definition
| recorder of plate tectonics, biology, ocean chemistry, temp, can track paleotemperature curves |
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Term
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Definition
| calcareous deposits form above, siliceous form below, high CC in more acidic Pacific (cause its older), abyssal clays where there is little bioproduction |
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Term
| summary: oceanic/atmospheric motions |
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Definition
| atmospheric: driven by differential solar heating, circulation then drives oceanic surface currents, both are effected by coriolis, |
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Term
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Definition
spring tides: 2 times a month when moon and sun line up to create bigger tides neap tides: 2 times a month when moon and sun work differently, smaller tides
important source of ocean mixing and keeps nutrients in the water column |
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