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| Individual waves travel at ________ the speed of the wave train. |
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| accounts for a slight forward mass movement of water in each wave |
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| Wave base for a deep water wave is defined as: |
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| The process of dispersion is controlled by: |
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| The orbital motion traced by water molecules when a waveform travels through the area: |
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| Deep water waves include: |
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| Rogue waves are the result of: |
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| Constructive interference |
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| When a wave "feels bottom" it |
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| When an area is subjected to a mixed tide, this means that |
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| Successive high tides or low tides are of significantly different heights through the cycle |
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| The following are examples of Western Boundary Currents EXCEPT |
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| The north atlantic current |
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| The Ekman Spiral describes the flow response of a column of water to the wind. Responses are |
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| North Atlantic Deep Water forms |
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| North of Iceland and near Greenland |
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| Eustatic sea level change is caused by variations in the |
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| Primary coasts built out by land processes include |
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| Salt wedge estuaries are influenced by |
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| Estuaries can originate as |
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| About 10% of the water in the world ocean makes up all of the surface currents. Most surface curents move water above the ___, the zone of maximum density change. |
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| Cape Cod, Massachusetts experiances what types of tides? |
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| Water moving into an enclosed basin due to an increase in sea level as a tidal crest approaches is called a ___ |
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| A wave that is in water which is shallower than one-twentieth of its wavelength is considered to be a |
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| Waves travel in groups called |
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| Which of the following is not considered an important classification group of ocean waves |
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| Shallow water wave velocity is a function of |
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| Western boundary currents tend to be cold, slow, broad and shallow. Eastern boundary currents tend to be hot, fast, narrow and deep. |
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| During an ENSO event, the peru current strenghtens and upwelling increases bringing water rich in nutrients to the surface along the west coast of South American. This results in an increase in biological productivity. |
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| Tsunamis have the longest wavelength |
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| The "Equilibrium theory of tides" developed by Newton takes into account the depth and shape of the ocean basins |
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| Chlorofluorocarbons CFC's cause ozone to rapidly break down into Oxygen atoms and Oxygen molecules |
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| Reactive Chlorine helps form ozone |
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| Polar stratospheric clouds promote the formation of reactive chlorine and the destruction of ozone near the south pole |
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| The sun exerts the most influence on the earths tides because it is the largetst body in the Sun, Earth, Moon systems |
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| The average global temperature has increased .4-.8 degress celsius during the last century |
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| There are numerous "amphidromic points" located throughout the world ocean |
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| Melting of the Ross Ice Shelft in Antarcticea would cause no rise in sea level |
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| Primary sources of methane in the atmostphere include intestinal gases from cows and termites, decay of vegetation and vegetation cleared from land |
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| Coastlines subject to "Diurnal Tides" would be the best areas to locate "Tidal Electrical Generating Structures" |
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| Tsunami are often generated by "Transform faults" cutting across divergent plate boundaries |
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| Only capillary waves have a short enough wavelength for them to be classified as deep water waves |
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| Surface tension is the principle restoring force for capillary waves with wavelengths less than 1.73 cm |
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| Tidal waves that prpagate across the sea surface with the continued planetary influence that formed them are classified as forced waves. |
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| Shallow water waves are found only in water less than 10 feet deep |
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| Wave height is always measured from the still water level |
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| Waves 21meters long will not exceed 3 meters in height |
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| The seiche in Lake Geneva, Switzerland oscillates vertically around a node and has no forward motion |
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| All seismic sea waves are tsunami but not all tsunami are seismic sea waves |
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Definition
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| The speed of a tsunami is calculated by: celerity=square root of gravity times water depth |
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| Tsunami strike somewhere in the world on an average of once a year |
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| Any tsunami generated by an earthquake is known as a seismic sea wave |
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| Tsunami occur as single plunging waves of immense destructive force |
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| Standing waves are caused by constructive interference between incoming waves and reflected waves along a shoreline |
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| Major tsunami may be triggered by potential landslides along the coasts of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean and La Palma Canary Islands in the Atlantic |
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| Ozone is a molecule formed by three atoms of oxygen and occurs naturally in the atmostphere |
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| It is believed that a 1% decrease in atmospheric ozone would probably be accompanied by a 5% - 7% increase in human skin cancer |
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| Ozone is necessary in the stratosphere to help block incoming ultra violet rays, but it is a problem in the troposphere where it makes plants and animals sick. |
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| Tides are forced waves with wave lengths half the circumference of the earth |
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| Newtons gravitational model of tides deals primarily wiht the position of the Earth, moon and sun and does not allow for the incluence of ocean depth or the position of the continental landmasses |
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| The Earth-Moon system revolves around the center of the earth |
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| Earth's rotation beneath the tidal bulges caused by gravity and inertia produces high and low tides |
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| The tidal cycle is 24 hours 50 minutes long because the moon rises 50 minutes later each day |
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| When the moons position is north of the equator, the lunar tidal bulge is also located north of the equator |
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| Spring tides occur when the moon, Earth and Sun form a right angle |
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| The amphidromic point is a no-tide point in the ocean around which the tidal crest rotates through one tidal cycle |
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| Transport of sediment in a zig zag pattern along a beach is called "lateral sediment translantion |
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| Groins are barriers built parallel ot the beach to facilitate sand moving along the shore |
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| Drowned river mouths along the sumergent east coast of the united states are called estuaries |
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| Sea caves are a late stage feature formed during headland erosion |
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| The ultimate fate of most coastlines is to be sraightened |
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| Barrier Islands are large and stable: therefore they are excellent places to build homes |
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| Coastal cells are sections of the coast that are in balance where sediment input equals sediment output |
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| Tides are always shallow water waves even though their crests pass directly over the deepest parts of the ocean |
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| A tidal bore is a steep wave moving upstream that is generated by the action of the tide crest in the enclosed area of a river mouth |
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| Speed= complex shifting function |
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| speed= square root gravity X water depth |
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| speed= wavelenght/ period |
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| period up to apporximately 20 minutes with wavelength typically 200 km |
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| The north pacific current |
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| Antarctic cirmupolar current |
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| Habitats are also called niches |
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| Salt marsh areas display high biodiverstiy |
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| Euryhaline organisms have a wide tolerance to salt |
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| According to the second law of thermodynamics entropy is continually decreasing throu time |
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| The largest of all the biogeochemical cycles is the global carbon cycle |
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| Most carbon found in ocean environments exists as fossil fuels oil, gas, coal and related hydrocarbons |
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| Nitrogen accounts for 48% of the dissolved gasses in seawater therfore it is abundantly available for use by organisms |
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| The chixulub crater near the yucatan mexico is the result of a volanic eruption 165 million years ago which was responsible for a catastrophic mass extinciton at that time |
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| Evolution simply means change |
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| A species is a group of actually interbreeding organisms that is reporductively isolated from all other forms of living things |
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| Carolus linneaus developed the biological classification used today based upon hierarchy grouping objects by degree of complexity grade or class |
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Definition
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| Ocean water temperatures range considerably however they are usually much narrower than comparable ranges on land. Therefore marine oranisms are limited due to fewer possible habitats being available. |
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| Hydrostatice pressure from the constant weight of the water above them prevents most marine organisms from living in the depther of the ocean |
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| The larger the cell the more efficiently materials can cross the outer cell membrane to be distributed through the interior |
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| Benthic dwelling organisms are those that live on the sea floor |
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| Primary consumers are organisms that produce food from simpler compounds by the careful manipulations of energy |
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| Chemosynthesis is more common and more important than Photosythesis |
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| Autotrophs are organisms that must consume other organisms because they are unable to synthesis their own food molecules |
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| Each step up in the pyraid stores 10% as much mass as the level directly below it. That means that at each step 90% of the energy is lost as waste heat as organisms live and work to maintan themselves |
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| Dinoflagellates are the most abundat phytoplankton |
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Definition
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| The white cliffs of dover in england consist largely of depostis of fossil coccolithophore ooze uplifted by geological forces |
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| Diatoms are able to propel and positions themselves with whiplike projections called flagella |
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| The compensation depth wher respiration equals photosynthesis defines the base of the phtic zone |
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| Zooplankton are heterotrophs |
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| Algae is a collective term for autortrophs possessing chlorophyll and capable of photosynthesis, but lacking vessels to conduct sap |
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| Krill shirmp like crustaceans are nearly extinct due to overfishing |
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| Kelp makes use of stem like structures called holdfasts to support the seaweed as is reaches for the strongly illuminated surface water |
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| Marine angiosperms include sea grass and mangrove trees |
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Definition
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| Any population growing at its maximal rate without facing any environmental resistance will grow along a J-shaped population growth curve |
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| Any deep water community that is relatively new nad unstable is considered to be a climax community |
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| The deep sea scattering layer is relatively dense aggregate of fishes squid and other animals that live in the deepest portions of the ocean |
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| Mutualism occurs when the symbiont benefits from the bymbiotic accosciation but the host is harmed |
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| Cells are simply highly organized forms of life |
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| Organisms will not move into deeper environments due to somosis limitations created by increased water salinity |
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| The process of photsynthesis requires carbon dioxide water a catalyst such as chlorphyll and light energy. Glucose and oxygen are end products |
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Definition
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| The great majority of maring organisms are warm blooded |
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| The compensation depth is the depth at which the production of carbonhydrated and oxygen by photsythensis through a days time will exactly equal the consumption of carbohydrated and oxygen by resiration |
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| The polar regions are always rich in nutrients therefore phytoplankton productivity is always high |
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| Population density and distribution depend on community conditions. Clumped community distribuiont is the rarest |
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Definition
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| Primary productivity in estuaries is often extraoridnarily low because rof hte lack of nutrients ect. |
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Definition
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| Light is an important trigger for |
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Definition
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| the major chemical elements used by organisms in meabolism are |
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Definition
| carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogen |
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| Diffusion of a fluid through a membrane is called |
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Definition
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| Benthic environments include the |
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Definition
| Continental shelf bathyal zone and abyssal zone |
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| Primary producers are also called |
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Definition
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| Today oceanic productivity can be observed from space by measureing |
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Definition
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| Almost 95% of a diatoms frustule is composed of |
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Definition
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| HABs are generated by ultra rapid growth of |
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Definition
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| Chlorophyta Phaeophyta and rhodophyta are all types of |
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Definition
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| Communities of organisms with a broad optima lrange of temperature are said to be |
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Definition
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| Rocky, inter tidal zones are biologically extremely rich and diverse despite |
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Definition
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| Which of the following environments is the most difficult for organisms to inhabit |
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Definition
| Black sand beaches in hawaii |
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| Some species of tropical marine photsynthesizers live at depths of over 250 meters because they were able to evolve specialized |
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Definition
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Definition
| All living things in a defined area |
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| The ____ environment produces gerater net primary productivity while the ___ envirnment is more efficient at producing biomass |
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Definition
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| which one of the following is a process which does not require light to create carbohydrates but instead relases the energy held in teh chemical bonds of hyrogen and sulfur containing compounds in order to construct glucose from carbon dioxide |
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Definition
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| Which of the following must consume food from toehr organisms because they are unable to synthesize their own carbohydrates |
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Definition
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| The most common producers of bioluminescence in the oean are |
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Definition
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| some species of anlerfish such as lasiognathurs catch prey in zero visisbility conditions using |
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| What is the catalyst in photosynthesis |
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| zooplankton primary consumer |
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| plankton larger than 1 cm |
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| plankton only during juvenile stage |
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| Water in this area is laden with hydrogen sulfide carbon dioxide and oxygen upon which specialized archaea and bacteria live |
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Definition
| Hydrothermal vent communities |
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| Highly pressured slightly hypersaline environment |
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Definition
| Deep sea floor communities |
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| Area of fierce competition for food living space protection from predators and mates |
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Definition
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| Area of great biodiversity where organisms from within distinct band of habitats |
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Definition
| Rocky intertidal communities |
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| Most primary productivity comes from sea grasses and magroves |
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Definition
| Salt marsh and estuary communities |
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| Autotroph producers generatre 1000 kilograms of biomass. |
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Definition
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| If i made a sandwich and use 100 grams of tuna per sandwhich how many sandwiches can I make if all the tuna i have is dependant upon the trophic pyramid presented in question before |
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