Term
| two hydrogen atoms are bonded to one oxygen atom in a molecule of water by strong covalent bonds |
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Definition
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Term
| the temperature of maximum density and the freezing temperature of water are the same (-1.33 degrees C or 29.61 degrees F) when salinity reachers 24.7% |
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Definition
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Term
| hydrogen bonds between the polar water molecules give water the property of cohesion which results in usually high surface tension |
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Definition
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Term
| energy, produced by the random vibration of atoms or molecules, causes heating and expansion of material |
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Definition
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Term
| heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of material by 1 degree celsius |
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Definition
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Term
| pure water is most dense at 3.98 degrees celsius |
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Definition
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Term
| the latent heat of vaporization is much greater than the latent heat of melting for water |
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Definition
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Term
| it takes the input of 80 calories of heat (energy) to change 1 gram of ice into liquid |
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Definition
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Term
| the tendency of a substance to resist change in temperature with the gain or loss of heat energy is called sensible heat |
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Definition
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Term
| water's high heat capacity makes it an ideal fluid to equalize the polar-tropic heat imbalance |
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Definition
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Term
| the deep zone is also known as the pycnocline |
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Definition
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Term
| there is sharp increase in temperature through the thermocline |
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Definition
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Term
| typical temperature profiles from polar, tropical, and mid-latitude regions indicate that the thermocline is primarily a low latitude phenomenon |
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Definition
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Term
| the speed of sound through water increases with decreases in temperature and pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| the bending of light waves as they travel from the atmosphere into the ocean is called reflection |
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Definition
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Term
| light is rapidly scattered and absorbed as it penetrates seawater making everything appear dimmer than normal |
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Definition
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Term
| long wavelength light rays of the visible spectrum are 71% absorbed in seawater at just 1 meter (3.3 ft) deep, so the color red quickly "fades out" |
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Definition
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Term
| the ocean is a highly acoustic environment and animals that live there have had to dull their acoustic senses to aurvive the constant sound impulses |
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Definition
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Term
| the SOFAR layer is a zone where sound travels at a very high rate of speed but can only be heard for short distances |
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Definition
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Term
| nitrogen makes up 48% of the atmosphere but accoutsn for 78% of the dissolved fasses in ocean water |
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Definition
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Term
| with respect to "normal" air, what is the result of photosynthesis on dissolved fases in the surface layer of seawater |
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Definition
| higher levels of oxygen, loewr levels of carbon dioxide |
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Term
| the composition of the salts in the ocean is identical to thsoe contained in water entering from rivers, therefore, we know that the continents are the source for all the oceanic salts |
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Definition
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Term
| George Forchammer first noted that the ratio between various types of salts in the oceans remained constant despite the variations of sailinity, and this became known as "The Principle of Constant Proportions" |
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Definition
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Term
| ocean water tends to be slightly more basic (higher PH) in the deep ocean |
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Definition
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Term
| the concentration of carbon dioxide increases below the photic zone due to a decrease in photosynthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| materials with a pH measurement of 7 are considered to be strong alkaline base |
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Definition
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Term
| the latent heat of melting for water is much greater than the latent heat of vaporization, there, ice (as icebergs) transfers much more heat (per unit of mass) than liquid water |
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Definition
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Term
| because of the "principle of constant proportions" scientists can easily measure the salinity of seawater by measure the chlorinity and multiplying that value by 1.80655 |
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Definition
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Term
| gas hydrates are the largest carbon sink on Earth and represent the possible future for energy supplies from he ocean |
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Definition
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Term
| approximately 20% of all the oil and gas found on Earth is located under the seas |
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Definition
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Term
| Ocean basisn are bathtub shaped. The continents drop of steeply just beyond the surf zone then deepen to their deepest point somewhere in the middle of the basin |
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Definition
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Term
| submarine canyons are a direct result of offshore seismic activity and tectonic movement |
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Definition
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Term
| abyssal plains are the flat featureless expanses of sediment-covered ocean floor found in nearly all the worlds oceans |
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Definition
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Term
| marine sediments on the ocean floor are as old as four billion years, the same age as the ocean itself |
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Definition
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Term
| terrigenous sediments are the most abundant, the largest terrigenous deposits are found near their continental margins |
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Definition
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Term
| other than petroleum and natural gas, sand and gravel are the most valuable sedimentary |
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Definition
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Term
| overfishing occurs when so many fish have been harvested that there no longer exists enough breeding stock left to replenish the species. Most marine species are overfished. |
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Definition
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Term
| blue whales are commercially extinct |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the addition of salt to fresh water affect its freezing point? |
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Definition
| the water freezes at a slightly higher temperature |
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Term
| biology plays a big role in regulating the amounts of dissolved gasses found at various depths in the ocean |
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Definition
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Term
| biological amplification can turn seemingly minor pollution issues into very large, major pollution problems |
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Definition
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Term
| sediments is classified in the "wentworth scale" by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| it is less dense than water |
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Term
| most oil pollution of the world ocean is caused by: |
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Definition
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Term
| when the temperature of pure water is decreased (gets colder) |
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Definition
| the density of water increases to a maximum of 1g/cm3 at 3.98 degrees C |
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Term
| the zone of salinity change between the mixed zone and the deep zone is termed the: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| BOTH A and C ....thinner (if there at all) over mid-Ocean Ridges and older and thicker at the edges of the ocean basin near the continents |
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Term
| of the following ocean basin features, the one with the greatest average angle of inclination (the steepest) is _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the deep ocean floor consist mainly of? |
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Definition
| oceanic ridge systems and the adjacent sediment-covered plains |
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Term
| the ______ marks the abrupt transition from continental slope |
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Definition
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Term
| a dilute mixture of sediment and water that periodically rushes down the continental slope is a: |
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Definition
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Term
| calcareous ooze is formed from shells of _____ |
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Definition
| both a and c: foraminera, coccolithopres |
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Term
| shells of single-celled algae called diatoms form _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| each of the following are considered an inorganic physical resource except for _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| the marine acronym OTEC stands for______ |
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Definition
| ocean thermal energy conversion |
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Term
| ______ is the term for unintended organisms killed while fishing for desirable ones (catching dolphins in tuna nets, or albatrosses in long lines, for example) |
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Definition
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Term
| the country that is the number one harvester of marine life in 2004 was____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name for the maximum amount of each type of fish, crustacean, and mollusc that can be caught without impairing future populations? |
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Definition
| maximum sustainable yield |
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Term
| the best way to clean-up an oil soaked beach is: |
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Definition
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Term
| San Francisco and Norfolk are at the same latitude, but San Francisco has warmer winters and cooler summers. Which of the following statements help explain the difference? |
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Definition
| the wind generally blows over the Pacific Ocean before reaching San Francisco, but blows over land before reaching Norfolk |
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Term
| the "dead zone" an area of anoxic conditions on the continental shelp off southern Louisiana, is the result of: |
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Definition
| eutrophication cause by the extra nutrients from wastewater treatment plants, factory effluent, soil erosion, and farmland fertilizer runoff |
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Term
| Sodium-Chloride (salt) dissolves easily in water because the atoms are bonded together by: |
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Definition
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Term
| which of the following amazing chemical facts makes water unusual? |
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Definition
| it is an asymmetric, polar molecule |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| of the following, which are the most common features of the deep ocean floor? |
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Definition
| oceanic ridge systems and silty plains |
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Term
| the ocean is deepest near the: |
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Definition
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Term
| Of these elements, which is lease likely to form a chemical compound? |
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Definition
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Term
| In comparison to the amount of energy required to heat 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius, how much energy is required to hear 1 gram of sand by 1 degree celcius? |
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Definition
| it takes more energy to hear water than to heat sand |
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Term
| of the following, which forms the base of the food chain for most ocean fish? |
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Definition
| unicellular algae (like diatoms) |
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