Term
| What are 4 functions of the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
1. physical isolation
2. regulates exchange with environment
3. monitors the environment
4. structural support |
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Term
| What is the mitochondria? |
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Definition
the "power house" where energy is made
muscle is full of mitochondria |
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Term
| The plasma membrane is made up of a ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a lipid that is a precursor to steroids and gives structure to the bilayer and holds it together |
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Definition
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Term
| Definition of a mitochondria? |
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Definition
a membrane-enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells
Mitochondria are sometimes described as "cellular power plants" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy.[2] In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in a range of other processes, such as signaling, cellular differentiation, cell death, as well as the control of the cell cycle and cell growth |
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Term
| What is needed to hydrolize ATP |
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Definition
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Term
| 1 Glucose molecule makes how many ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
| 1 Triglyceride molecule makes how many ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the steps of the Krebs Cycle? |
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Definition
take Acetyl CoA
goes into Krebs Cycle
input acetyl
ends with a bunch of ATP |
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Term
| What are the three specific transport pathways through the cell membrane? |
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Definition
Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport |
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Term
| What is facilitated diffusion? |
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Definition
| Facilitated diffusion is the spontaneous passage of molecules or ions across a biological membrane passing through specific transmembrane transport proteins. The facilitated diffusion may occur either across biological membranes or through aqueous compartments of an organism |
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Term
| What is active transport? |
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Definition
| Active transport is the movement of a substance against its concentration energy. In all cells this is usually concerned with accumulating high concentrations of molecules that the cell needs, such as ions, glucose, amino acids. If the process uses chemical energy, such as from adenosine triphosphate (ATP), it is termed primary active transport. Secondary active transport involves the use of an electrochemical gradient. Active transport uses energy, unlike passive transport, which does not use any type of energy. Active transport is a good example of a process for which cells require energy. Examples of active transport include the uptake of glucose in the intestines in humans and the uptake of mineral ions into root hair cells of plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diffusion describes the spread of particles through random motion from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration. |
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Term
| Lipid-soluble molecules diffuse through the: |
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Definition
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Term
| Small water-soluble molecules and ions diffuse through: |
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Definition
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Term
| Large molecules that cannot diffuse through lipids cannot cross plasma membrane unless they are transported by: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is the movement of water molecules across a selectively-permeable membrane down a water potential gradient.[1] More specifically, it is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water potential (low solute concentration) to an area of low water potential (high solute concentration). Less specifically, it is when water moves. It is a physical process in which a solvent moves, without input of energy, across a semipermeable membrane (permeable to the solvent, but not the solute) separating two solutions of different concentrations.[2] Osmosis releases energy, and can be made to do work.[3] Osmosis is a passive process, like diffusion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tonicity is a measure of the osmotic pressure (as defined by the water potential of the two solutions) of two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| Isotonic solutions contain equal concentrations of impermeable solutes on either side of the membrane. |
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Term
| What does hypertonic mean? |
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Definition
| A hypertonic solution is a solution having a greater solute concentration than the cytosol. It contains a greater concentration of impermeable solutes on the external side of the membrane. When a cell’s cytoplasm is bathed in a hypertonic solution the water will be drawn into the solution and out of the cell by osmosis. If water molecules continue to diffuse out of the cell, it will cause the cell to shrink, or crenate. |
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Term
| What does hypotonic mean? |
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Definition
| A hypotonic solution is a solution having a lesser solute concentration than the cytosol. It contains a lesser concentration of impermeable solutes on the external side of the membrane. When a cell’s cytoplasm is bathed in a hypotonic solution the water will be drawn out of the solution and into the cell by osmosis. If water molecules continue to diffuse into the cell, it will cause the cell to swell, up to the point that lysis (rupture) may occur. |
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Term
| What happens to the carrier protein during facilitated diffusion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 main steps in facilitated diffusion? |
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Definition
1. glucose molecule attaches to receptro site
2. carrier protein changes shape
3. glucose released into cytoplasm |
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Term
| What is an action potential? |
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Definition
| an action potential is a short-lasting event in which the electrical membrane potential of a cell rapidly rises and falls, following a stereotyped trajectory. Action potentials occur in several types of animal cells, called excitable cells, which include neurons, muscle cells, and endocrine cells. In neurons, they play a central role in cell-to-cell communication. In other types of cells, their main function is to activate intracellular processes. In muscle cells, for example, an action potential is the first step in the chain of events leading to contraction |
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Term
| What is the Sodium Potassium Pump |
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Definition
An enzyme located in the plasma membrane
Active transport is responsible for cells containing relatively high concentrations of potassium ions but low concentrations of sodium ions. The mechanism responsible for this is the sodium-potassium pump, which moves these two ions in opposite directions across the plasma membrane. |
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Term
| What are the main steps in the process of an action potential? |
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Definition
1. Resting Potential
2. Depolarization
3. Re-polarization
4. Hype-rpolarization
5. Resting Potential |
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Term
| What happens during the action potential period? |
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Definition
| De-polarization & Re-polarization |
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Term
| What happens during the action potential period? |
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Definition
| De-polarization & Re-polarization |
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Term
| With an action potential what happens during the refractory period ? |
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Definition
| Hyper-polarization & resting potential |
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Term
| What is the threshold potential? |
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Definition
threshold potential is the membrane potential to which a membrane must be depolarized to initiate an action potential.
It often can be between −40 and -55 mV, but it can vary based upon several factors |
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Term
| What is the resting potential? |
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Definition
| The relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells is called the resting membrane potential (or resting voltage), as opposed to the specific dynamic electrochemical phenomena called action potential and graded membrane potential. |
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Term
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Definition
| repolarization refers to the change in membrane potential that returns the membrane potential to a negative value after the depolarization phase of an action potential has just previously changed the membrane potential to a positive value. Repolarization results from the movement of positively charged potassium ions out of the cell. Typically the repolarization phase of an action potential results in hyperpolarization, attainment of a membrane potential that is more negative than the resting potential. |
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Term
| What is usually the peak of an action potential in milivolts? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is hyper-polarization? |
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Definition
| is a change in a cell's membrane potential that makes it more negative. It is the opposite of a depolarization. |
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Term
| All _____ cells have the ability to have action potential? |
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Definition
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Term
| What doe poisons do to your cells? |
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Definition
| inhibit your cells from firing an action potential |
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Term
| Channel proteins are used for: |
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Definition
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Term
| Carrier proteins are used to move ions across membranes for: |
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Definition
1. facilitated diffusion
2. Active transport |
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Term
| What does co-trasnport mean? |
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Definition
| Co-transport, also known as coupled transport, refers to the simultaneous or sequential passive transfer of molecules or ions across biological membranes in a fixed ratio. Permitting one ion or molecule to move from the side where it is more concentrated to that where it is less concentrated increases entropy and can serve as a source of energy for metabolism (e.g. in ATP synthase). In cotransporters, it is used to force the transport of another ion or molecule (usually) from the side where it is less concentrated to that where it is more concentrated. |
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Term
| What are the names of the 2 other types of transport? |
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Definition
1. co-transport
2. counter transport |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 ions transported together in same direction |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 ions transporting together but 1 in 1 direction and 1 in the other direction (Criss cross) |
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Term
| In osmosis, the movement of water wants to go in what direction? |
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Definition
| hypo (tonic) to hyper (tonic) |
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Term
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Definition
| bulk transport out of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| bulk transport into a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of endocytosis in which small particles are brought into the cell suspended within small vesicles which subsequently fuse with lysosomes to hydrolyze, or to break down, the particles. This process requires a lot energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate, the chemical compound used as energy in the majority of cells. Pinocytosis is primarily used for the absorption of extracellular fluids (ECF), and in contrast to phagocytosis, generates very small vesicles |
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Term
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Definition
| is the cellular process of engulfing solid particles by the cell membrane to form an internal phagosome by phagocytes and protists. Phagocytosis is a specific form of endocytosis involving the vesicular internalization of solid particles, such as bacteria, and is, therefore, distinct from other forms of endocytosis such as the vesicular internalization of various liquids. Phagocytosis is involved in the acquisition of nutrients for some cells, and, in the immune system |
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