Posterior/anterior

superior/inferior

lateral/medial

distal/proximal 

Sagittal 

Frontal

Transverse 

Shapes 

Simple Squamous

Simple cuboidal 

simple columnar 

psudostratified ciliated columner

stratified squamous 

found in skin, digestive track, liver and pancreas

single layerd squamous epithelium 

- lines the four cavities of the trunk

-two pleural cavities of the lungs

-pericardial cavity 

-peritoneal cavity surrounding abdominal viscera 

widely despersed - includes blood

fascia 

tendons and ligaments

cartilage

bone 

most pervasive type of connective tissue in the body. 

may be loos, woven or dense like a tendon

-palpillary layer 

-reticular layer: dense irregular connective tissue

-superficial fascia: loose connective tissue; deep layer; allows movement of the skin over deeper structures 

connective tissue arranged in enveloping sheaths. 

-superfiscial fascia 

-deep fascia 

feltlike mass of fibrous tissue. less resistant, more risiliant connective tissue than bone.  

- rings of the trachea

- Adam's apple 

most common type of cartilage

-glassy in appearance 

-located at joints that are freely movable

hardest connective tissue 

-consists of tiny crystals composed of minerals, calcium, phosphorus. 

resembles smooth muscle 

-striated 

-involuntary 

greatest mass of muscle in the body. the Meat! 

threadlike individual cells of skeletal muscle 

-a small fraction of a millimeter in diameter 

-extends as much as 2 inches 

immediately outside of the sarcolemma

delicate muscle tissue responsible for binding muscle fibers to other muscle fibers and to the end of other fibers and tendons. 

light band shortens and dispear between the thick myosin filaments

nerve impulse initiates contraction by releasing acetycholine. 

-permiability of the sarcolemma changes and allows and influx of sodium ions. 

- depolarization causes release of calcium ions, causing myosin and actin filaments to interact causing contraction. 

connective tissue specific to the nervous system

- holds the bodies of the neurons and their fibers together 

CNS: brain cells (up to 20 inches)

neurons supplying muscles of the foot (a yard of more, 9000 mm)

Diameter: 0.01 mm or less 

means: around the bone 

a dense fiberous connective tissue membrane covering the bone

Thyroxine (secreted by the thyroid)

hGH (secreted by the anterior pituitary gland)

most of the skull 

serrated edges 

interlocking by strong fibrous tissue 

secondary cartilaginous 

union between bodies of vertebrae and pubic symphysis 

hinge: uniaxial (elbow, knee)
Pivot: uniaxial; peg and rotation (atlas and axis)
plane: uniaxial; flat Gliding movement
condyloid: (ellipsoid) Biaxial; convex and concave (base of fingers) 

Saddle: (sellar) Biaxial, both surfaces saddle shaped (base of thumb) 

ball and socket: (spheroid) triaxial; one rounded the other concave (shoulder/hip) 

condyloid: (ellipsoid) Biaxial; convex and concave (base of fingers) 

Saddle: (sellar) Biaxial, both surfaces saddle shaped (base of thumb) 

ball and socket: (spheroid) triaxial; one rounded the other concave (shoulder/hip) 

hyaline cartilage covers articulating surfaces 

Joint capsule: encloses ends of bones 

outer fibrous layer: collagenous tissue, thickened by ligaments, blends with periosteum  

inner layer: synovial membrane 

thin, vascular inner layer of synovial structure

-consists of outer layer connective and single layer inner cells.  

- produces synovial fluid (nourishes and lubricates the articular cartilage)

a long muscle with parallel fibers

-great range of motion

(sartorius muscle of the thigh) 

muscle with parallel formation 

-belly of the muscle is rounded

-ends are tapered

(ex. bicep brachii) 

muscle where fibers insert at an anglke into a tendon that passes through the muscle  

-length of the muscle fibers are shorter than the lenghth of the muscle. 

fibers attach to two sides of the tendon 

ex. rectus femorus 

many tendons with multipule places for fibers to attach 

ex. deltoid muscle 

flattened connective tissue sac lining synovial membrane. 

-lie between muscle and bone, tendon and bone, skin and bone or other combinations 

lever: rigid bar (bone)

fulcrum: axis or point where the movement takes place (joint)

effort/force: muscle acting on the lever

resistance: weight the force must overcome to move the lever

1st class: fulcrum lies between the effort point and resistance (see saw)

2nd class: resistance lies between the fulcrum and the effort point (wheel barrel) 

3rd class: effor point lies between the fulcrum and resistance 

line from the resistance to the fulcrum 

(distance from the joint to muscle) 

concentric: muscle fibers shorten

eccentric: muscle fibers shorten and then gradually lenghthen (needed for movement against gravity) 

isotonic: muscle either shortening or lenghthening 

isometric: muscles across joint act w/equal strength. no movement  

nerve supply fibers to muscle -

register, stretch or contract muscle or tense tendon 

Chief sensory structure in muscle 

-alpha fibers: bulk of the muscle (dominant) big and strong

gamma fibers: sensory (small and fast) 

end on the muscle fiber and indent the cell membrane

-100 muscle fibers for every motor nerve fiber

thickening of the epithelium on the dorsal surface of the embryo

-gives rise to the spinal cord and brain

structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical message to another cell 

-gap between two neurons 

specialized ending and motified portion of muscle fiber where the motor nerve ends. 

-also called the neuromuscular endings

1. seals off body fluid
2. protects against infection
3. first line of resistance in physical forces such as friction
4. homeostasis 

31 pairs 

Cervical: 7

Thoracic: 12

Lumbar:5

Sacral: 5 

Coccygeal: 1

composed of nerve fibers

enter the spinal cord from the cell bodies in the posterior roots of the spinal nerves forming the posterior root ganglion

- relay sensory information

long descending tracts of cord originating from neurons in many parts of the brain 

-end on the anterior horn or the cells that supply the anterior horn

located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord 

-receive connection from motor tracts that affect skeletal muscle 

-makes up the connection between skeletal muscle and spinal cord (final common path)

-incoming sensory fibers that control an action reflex 

at the spinal level 

-connection with lower motor neurons

swelling at the root produced by the accumulation of the cell bodies of the sensory fibers 

-emerges from between adjacent vertebrae 

supplies muscles and skin of back 

-controls activities of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and certain glands

-part of the PNS

-influences body as a whole

everyday function

Gluteal Region

hip (coxa)

Thigh(femoral)

Knee(genu)

popliteal region (region behind the knee) 

leg (crus)

Ankle (tarsus)

foot (pes)

at first is directed cranially and the little toe caudally 

rotates in a medial direction with as development continues 

hip bone

articulates at the pubic symphysis 

includes sacrum

ilium

ischium

pubic bone 

pubic symphysis 

acetabulum 

obturator foramen

coccyx

hinge joint

articulates at the lower end of the femur and upper end of the tibia 

act primarily at the ankles and toes 

femoral nerve

obturator nerve 

largest nerve in the body 

divides into the common fibular and tibial nerves

-continuation of the iliac artery 

-runs anteriomedial through the thigh 

- goes down the posterior medial surface of the femur to reach the popliteal fossa

continuation of the femoral artery and divides into the 

anterior and posterior tibial arteries 

-begins at the medial side of the foot 

passes proximally/anterior to the medial malleolus

- joins the femoral vein just below the inguinal ligament

-begins on the lateral side of the foot

-passes posteriorly to the lateral malleolus 

-joins the popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa 

hip bones

sacrum

coccyx

illium: wing; superior element 

ishium: poterior body 

pubis: anterior lower part 

pubic symphysis: interpubic disk

anteriorly unites hip bones

sacroiliac joint: joint cavity between the sacrum and ilium 

acetabulum: recepticle for the femur head 

sacrotuberous lig.: stretches from the sacrum to the coccyx to the ischial tuberosity

-broad 

sacrospinous lig.: converts the greater sciatic notch into the greater sciatic foramen

-short band

upward rotation 

downward rotation

lateral rotation (walking)

lateral tilting (raising one leg)

flexion

extension

abduction

adduction

circumduction

medial rotation

lateral rotation 

attachs at the ilium below the anterior inferior iliac spine 

- covers most of the front of the joint 

-attaches to the front of the femur. 

-prevents undue extension at the joint

-maintains erect posture without constant muscular action

arises from the ishial rim of the acetabulum 

-helps make the extended position of the joint the most stable one 

pubofemoral ligament 

attaches at the pubic portion of the acetabulum 

-prevents excess abduction of the femur

-assists the iliofemoral ligament in checking extension at the hip 

femoral

obturator

accessory obturator 

anterior superior illiac spine 

pubic tubercle 

patella ends of femur 

(lateral landmarks)

greater trochanter

(posterior) 

ischial tuberosity

poplieteal fossa (hollow area behind the knee)

NERVE: Femoral 

ACTION: Flexion at the hip and extension at the knee 

anteriomedial (adductor) group 

(muscles of the thigh) 

ACTION: adduction and flexion of the thigh 

NERVE: Obturator 

Extension and flexion at the knee

NERVE: Sciatic 

posterior; runs obliquely upward and lateral; formed from the semimembranosus tendon 

fibular collateral ligament: medial/posterior 

tibial collateral ligament: lateral 

semilunar cartilages in the medial and lateral parts of the joint cavity of the knee

-facilitate rotation at the knee 

posterior cruciate: arises from the posterior intercondyle area and attaches at the lateral side of the medial femoral condyle

anterior cruciate: arises from the anterior area between the tibial condyles and attaches to the back medial surface of the lateral femoral condyle

contributes to the stability of the knee  

innervates the muscle and skin on the anterior medial side of the leg and foot 

-from T12 to L4 

 -lateral cutaneous nerve

-femoral nerve

-obturator nerve 

-posterior cutaneous nerve