Term
| What are the six classes of nutrients? |
|
Definition
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Vitamins
Minerals
Water |
|
|
Term
How many calories per gram are in ...
carbohydrates?
protein?
fat?
alcohol? |
|
Definition
carbohydrates - 4
protein - 4
fat - 9
alcohol - 7 |
|
|
Term
What is ...
functional food?
fortified food? |
|
Definition
functional: food that has natural ingredients that provide health benefits
fortified: manufacturer modifies food so that it has health benefit |
|
|
Term
What is a ...
phytochemical?
nutraceutical? |
|
Definition
phytochemical: naturally found in foods
nutraceutical: vitamin or herbal supplement that claims nutritional benefits nutrient - pharmaceutical combination |
|
|
Term
| List the water soluble (8 B, one other) vitamins |
|
Definition
B-1 Thiamin, B-2 Riboflavin,
B-3 Niacin, B-5 Pantothenic Acid,
B-6 Pyrodoxine, B-7 Biotin,
B-9 Folate, B-12
C |
|
|
Term
| List the four fat soluble vitamins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the seven major minerals |
|
Definition
Calcium
Chloride
Magnesium
Phosphorous
Potassium
Sulfur
Sodium |
|
|
Term
| What are the limitations of established energy and nutrient recommendations for populations? |
|
Definition
| Established energy standard for general population not for individuals does not take into account all variables. For disease prevention, not for optimum health |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Functioning at your highest potential |
|
|
Term
| Identify four members on an integrative medicine team. |
|
Definition
Acupuncturist
Chiropractor/Osteopath
Naturopathic physician
Dietitian
|
|
|
Term
| What are the four leading primary causes of death in the US? |
|
Definition
Heart Disease
Stroke
Cancer
Lung Disease |
|
|
Term
Using the Exchange list Guideline handout, how many calories, gram protein, grams carbohydrate and grams of fat in:
1 egg, 1 C cooked oatmeal, 2 t butter, 1/2 C fruit juice |
|
Definition
item, calories, carbs, protein, fat
1 egg, 75, 0, 7, 5
1 C oatmeal, 160, 30, 6, 0
2 t butter, 90, 0, 0, 10
1/2 C juice, 60, 15, 1, 0
385, 45, 14, 15 |
|
|
Term
| What do you plan to change in your diet as a result of doing the computer diet analysis? |
|
Definition
Lower calorie intake
more fruits and veges
less red meat
more whole grains
less alcohol
more organic
less processed foods |
|
|
Term
| What are the four most important things to look for on a nutrition label? |
|
Definition
Serving Size
Ingredients
Total Calories
Total Grams of Fat |
|
|
Term
What do these five vegetarians eat?
Ovo
Lacto
Pesco
Polo
Vegan |
|
Definition
Ovo: eggs
Lacto: dairy products
Pesco: fish
Polo: chicken
Vegan: no animal products |
|
|
Term
| List six reasons for being a vegetarian. |
|
Definition
No harm to animals
No growth bovine hormone/antibiotics found in meat
Lower on the food chain = less pesticide residue
More phytochemicals and fiber
Less damage to the environment
More cost effective |
|
|
Term
Controls the entry of chyme into the duodenum
A. Liver, B. Villus, C. Goblet, D. Pylorus, E. Enzyme, F. Gastrin, G. Secretin, H. Capillary, I. Appendix, J. Diffusion, K. Epiglottis, L. Gallbladder, M. Carbohydrase, N. Hepatic portal vein, O. Hepatic vein, P. Ileocecal valve, Q. Cholecystokinin, R. Active transport, S. Hydrochloric acid, T. Lymphatic system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Controls the entry of chyme into the colon
A. Liver, B. Villus, C. Goblet, D. Pylorus, E. Enzyme, F. Gastrin, G. Secretin, H. Capillary, I. Appendix, J. Diffusion, K. Epiglottis, L. Gallbladder, M. Carbohydrase, N. Hepatic portal vein, O. Hepatic vein, P. Ileocecal valve, Q. Cholecystokinin, R. Active transport, S. Hydrochloric acid, T. Lymphatic system
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Prevents food from entering the windpipe when
swallowing
A. Liver, B. Villus, C. Goblet, D. Pylorus, E. Enzyme, F. Gastrin, G. Secretin, H. Capillary, I. Appendix, J. Diffusion, K. Epiglottis, L. Gallbladder, M. Carbohydrase, N. Hepatic portal vein, O. Hepatic vein, P. Ileocecal valve, Q. Cholecystokinin, R. Active transport, S. Hydrochloric acid, T. Lymphatic system
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Organ that stores lymph cells
A. Liver, B. Villus, C. Goblet, D. Pylorus, E. Enzyme, F. Gastrin, G. Secretin, H. Capillary, I. Appendix, J. Diffusion, K. Epiglottis, L. Gallbladder, M. Carbohydrase, N. Hepatic portal vein, O. Hepatic vein, P. Ileocecal valve, Q. Cholecystokinin, R. Active transport, S. Hydrochloric acid, T. Lymphatic system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Enzymes that digest starch
A. Liver, B. Villus, C. Goblet, D. Pylorus, E. Enzyme, F. Gastrin, G. Secretin, H. Capillary, I. Appendix, J. Diffusion, K. Epiglottis, L. Gallbladder, M. Carbohydrase, N. Hepatic portal vein, O. Hepatic vein, P. Ileocecal valve, Q. Cholecystokinin, R. Active transport, S. Hydrochloric acid, T. Lymphatic system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Substance that helps make/break a chemical bond
A. Liver, B. Villus, C. Goblet, D. Pylorus, E. Enzyme, F. Gastrin, G. Secretin, H. Capillary, I. Appendix, J. Diffusion, K. Epiglottis, L. Gallbladder, M. Carbohydrase, N. Hepatic portal vein, O. Hepatic vein, P. Ileocecal valve, Q. Cholecystokinin, R. Active transport, S. Hydrochloric acid, T. Lymphatic system
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A component of gastric juice
A. Liver, B. Villus, C. Goblet, D. Pylorus, E. Enzyme, F. Gastrin, G. Secretin, H. Capillary, I. Appendix, J. Diffusion, K. Epiglottis, L. Gallbladder, M. Carbohydrase, N. Hepatic portal vein, O. Hepatic vein, P. Ileocecal valve, Q. Cholecystokinin, R. Active transport, S. Hydrochloric acid, T. Lymphatic system
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Organ that released bile into intestine
A. Liver, B. Villus, C. Goblet, D. Pylorus, E. Enzyme, F. Gastrin, G. Secretin, H. Capillary, I. Appendix, J. Diffusion, K. Epiglottis, L. Gallbladder, M. Carbohydrase, N. Hepatic portal vein, O. Hepatic vein, P. Ileocecal valve, Q. Cholecystokinin, R. Active transport, S. Hydrochloric acid, T. Lymphatic system
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Organ that synthesizes bile
A. Liver, B. Villus, C. Goblet, D. Pylorus, E. Enzyme, F. Gastrin, G. Secretin, H. Capillary, I. Appendix, J. Diffusion, K. Epiglottis, L. Gallbladder, M. Carbohydrase, N. Hepatic portal vein, O. Hepatic vein, P. Ileocecal valve, Q. Cholecystokinin, R. Active transport, S. Hydrochloric acid, T. Lymphatic system
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fingerlike projection of small intestine lining
A. Liver, B. Villus, C. Goblet, D. Pylorus, E. Enzyme, F. Gastrin, G. Secretin, H. Capillary, I. Appendix, J. Diffusion, K. Epiglottis, L. Gallbladder, M. Carbohydrase, N. Hepatic portal vein, O. Hepatic vein, P. Ileocecal valve, Q. Cholecystokinin, R. Active transport, S. Hydrochloric acid, T. Lymphatic system
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type of cell that secretes mucus
A. Liver, B. Villus, C. Goblet, D. Pylorus, E. Enzyme, F. Gastrin, G. Secretin, H. Capillary, I. Appendix, J. Diffusion, K. Epiglottis, L. Gallbladder, M. Carbohydrase, N. Hepatic portal vein, O. Hepatic vein, P. Ileocecal valve, Q. Cholecystokinin, R. Active transport, S. Hydrochloric acid, T. Lymphatic system
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Absorption mechanism that requires energy
A. Liver, B. Villus, C. Goblet, D. Pylorus, E. Enzyme, F. Gastrin, G. Secretin, H. Capillary, I. Appendix, J. Diffusion, K. Epiglottis, L. Gallbladder, M. Carbohydrase, N. Hepatic portal vein, O. Hepatic vein, P. Ileocecal valve, Q. Cholecystokinin, R. Active transport, S. Hydrochloric acid, T. Lymphatic system
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Absorption mechanism that doesn't require energy
A. Liver, B. Villus, C. Goblet, D. Pylorus, E. Enzyme, F. Gastrin, G. Secretin, H. Capillary, I. Appendix, J. Diffusion, K. Epiglottis, L. Gallbladder, M. Carbohydrase, N. Hepatic portal vein, O. Hepatic vein, P. Ileocecal valve, Q. Cholecystokinin, R. Active transport, S. Hydrochloric acid, T. Lymphatic system
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Connects an artery to the vein
A. Liver, B. Villus, C. Goblet, D. Pylorus, E. Enzyme, F. Gastrin, G. Secretin, H. Capillary, I. Appendix, J. Diffusion, K. Epiglottis, L. Gallbladder, M. Carbohydrase, N. Hepatic portal vein, O. Hepatic vein, P. Ileocecal valve, Q. Cholecystokinin, R. Active transport, S. Hydrochloric acid, T. Lymphatic system
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Vessel that carries blood from liver to heart
A. Liver, B. Villus, C. Goblet, D. Pylorus, E. Enzyme, F. Gastrin, G. Secretin, H. Capillary, I. Appendix, J. Diffusion, K. Epiglottis, L. Gallbladder, M. Carbohydrase, N. Hepatic portal vein, O. Hepatic vein, P. Ileocecal valve, Q. Cholecystokinin, R. Active transport, S. Hydrochloric acid, T. Lymphatic system
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Vessel that carries blood from GI tract to liver
A. Liver, B. Villus, C. Goblet, D. Pylorus, E. Enzyme, F. Gastrin, G. Secretin, H. Capillary, I. Appendix, J. Diffusion, K. Epiglottis, L. Gallbladder, M. Carbohydrase, N. Hepatic portal vein, O. Hepatic vein, P. Ileocecal valve, Q. Cholecystokinin, R. Active transport, S. Hydrochloric acid, T. Lymphatic system
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Carries fat-soluble vitamins
A. Liver, B. Villus, C. Goblet, D. Pylorus, E. Enzyme, F. Gastrin, G. Secretin, H. Capillary, I. Appendix, J. Diffusion, K. Epiglottis, L. Gallbladder, M. Carbohydrase, N. Hepatic portal vein, O. Hepatic vein, P. Ileocecal valve, Q. Cholecystokinin, R. Active transport, S. Hydrochloric acid, T. Lymphatic system
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hormone that signals release of pancreatic bicorbonate
A. Liver, B. Villus, C. Goblet, D. Pylorus, E. Enzyme, F. Gastrin, G. Secretin, H. Capillary, I. Appendix, J. Diffusion, K. Epiglottis, L. Gallbladder, M. Carbohydrase, N. Hepatic portal vein, O. Hepatic vein, P. Ileocecal valve, Q. Cholecystokinin, R. Active transport, S. Hydrochloric acid, T. Lymphatic system
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hormone that triggers release of gastric acid
A. Liver, B. Villus, C. Goblet, D. Pylorus, E. Enzyme, F. Gastrin, G. Secretin, H. Capillary, I. Appendix, J. Diffusion, K. Epiglottis, L. Gallbladder, M. Carbohydrase, N. Hepatic portal vein, O. Hepatic vein, P. Ileocecal valve, Q. Cholecystokinin, R. Active transport, S. Hydrochloric acid, T. Lymphatic system
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hormone signals release of bile
A. Liver, B. Villus, C. Goblet, D. Pylorus, E. Enzyme, F. Gastrin, G. Secretin, H. Capillary, I. Appendix, J. Diffusion, K. Epiglottis, L. Gallbladder, M. Carbohydrase, N. Hepatic portal vein, O. Hepatic vein, P. Ileocecal valve, Q. Cholecystokinin, R. Active transport, S. Hydrochloric acid, T. Lymphatic system
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following describes the anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In what organ does the digestion process begin?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About how many more times sensitive is the smell of compared with the sense of taste? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After swallowing, in what order does food pass through the regions of the GI tract? |
|
Definition
| Stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon. |
|
|
Term
| All of the following are characteristics of th ...e process of bigestion excecpt |
|
Definition
| saliva contains enzymes that digest sugars, fats, and protein |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following body organs do not secrete digestive enzymes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of mucus in the stomach? |
|
Definition
| Protects stomach cells from gastric juices |
|
|
Term
| What types of enzymes are responsible for hydrolyzing the proteins in food? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following best describes the normal pH of the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is there little or no digestion of starch in the stomach? |
|
Definition
| Salivary enzymes do not work in an acid environment |
|
|
Term
Important functions of hydrochloric acid in digestion/absorption include all the following except
it kills bacteria, it activates pancreatic lipase, it activates a proteolytic enzyme, it promotes hydrolysis of dietary protein |
|
Definition
| it activates pancreatic lipase |
|
|
Term
| After the pancreatic juices have mixed with chyme in the small intestine, which of the following describes the pH of the resulting mixture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is not a component of pancreatic juice?
Bile, Water, Lipase, Sodium Bicarbonate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is generally not digested but does stimulate intestinal muscle contractions?
bile, fiber, starch, amylase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process by which bile acts on fat so enzymes can attack the fat is known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary site for absorption of nutrients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Absorption of nutrients by intestinal cells occurs by all of the following mechanisms except
diffusion, transmigration, active transport, facilitated diffusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following products of digestion is not normally released directly into the bloodstream?
fats, minerals, vitamin C, carbohydrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When alcohol and barbiturates are ingested, they are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and transported first to the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first major organ to receive nutrients that are absorbed into the lymph? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immediately after absorption, what circulatory system carries the fat-soluble vitamins and large fats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microorganisms in food that are viable when consumed and that are beneficial to health are known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal pH of stomach juices? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following nutrients requires the greatest time for digestion?
fats, protein, minerals, carbohydrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In which of the following are ample amounts of carbohydrates almost always found?
plant food, health food, animal products, protein-rich foods |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is not a simple carbohydrate?
starch, white sugar, disaccharide, monosaccharide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is not a characteristic of glucose?
soluble in water, a monosaccharide, part of the sucrose molecule, sweeter tasting than sucrose |
|
Definition
| sweeter tasting than sucrose |
|
|
Term
| What is the sweetest-tasting simple carbohydrate in the diet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the three monosaccharides found in foods |
|
Definition
glucose
fructose
galactose |
|
|
Term
| What is the reaction that links two monosaccharides together? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is a byproduct of the condensation of two molecules of glucose?
water, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the composition of sucrose? |
|
Definition
| one glucose and one fructose unit |
|
|
Term
| The chemical reaction by which starch is split into monosaccharides is termed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a polysaccharide made of? |
|
Definition
| Many glucose units attached |
|
|
Term
| What is the principle carbohydrate of milk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glycogen is stored mainly in which of the following tissues?
Muscles and liver, pancreas and kidneys, stomach and intestine, brain and red blood cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose, and lignin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following fibers is water insoluble?
gums, pectins, cellulose, mucilages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Water-soluble fibers include all of the following except
gums, pectins, lignins, mucilages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A "functional fiber" is one that |
|
Definition
| is extracted from plants and has a beneficial health effect |
|
|
Term
With few exceptions, all of the following characteristics are shared by water-insoluble fibers except
they are found only in plant-derived foods,
they consist primarily of non-starch polysaccharides,
neither has an appreciable effect on glucose absorption,
they enhance stool formation and elimination |
|
Definition
| neither has an appreciable effect on glucose absorption |
|
|
Term
| List two foods high in water soluble fiber |
|
Definition
| oats, legumes, cherries, apples |
|
|
Term
| List two foods high in water insoluble fiber |
|
Definition
| whole grains, celery, lettuce |
|
|
Term
| What is the minimum daily amount of dietary carbohydrate necessary to spare body protein from excessive break down? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following are properties of fiber except
it delays gastric emptying
it provides a feeling of satiety
it elevates blood glucose levels
it contributes about 1.5-2.5 kCal per gram |
|
Definition
| it elevates blood glucose levels |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the short chains of glucose units that result from starch breakdown? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary organ that converts fructose to glucose following absorption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first organ to receive carbohydrates absorbed from the intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following are symptoms of lactose intolerance except
bloating
diarrhea
cramping
constipation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the three other (than lactose intolerance) reasons why people do not drink cow's milk?
|
|
Definition
contains antibiotics and growth bovine hormone
allergic or sensitive to casein the milk protein
produces mucus |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of the world's adult production shows good tolerance to lactose ingestion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gluconeogenesis is a term that describes the synthesis of |
|
Definition
| glucose from a non-carbohydrate substance |
|
|
Term
| At rest, the typical body stores of glycogen can provide energy for a maximum of about |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the minimum daily amount of dietary carbohydrate necessary to spare body protein from excessive break down? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary function of insulin? |
|
Definition
| lowers blood glucose levels |
|
|
Term
| What is a normal range (mg/dL) for blood glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following blood glucose concentration (mg/dL) is most consistent with hypoglycemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Indicate which one is type I or type II Diabetes
must have insulin to live |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Indicate which one is type I or type II Diabetes
Sometimes use insulin
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Indicate which one is type I or type II Diabetes
Are generally obese
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Indicate which one is type I or type II Diabetes
are rarely obese
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Indicate which one is type I or type II Diabetes
generally diagnosed as a child
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Indicate which one is type I or type II Diabetes
generally diagnosed when an adult
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Indicate which one is type I or type II Diabetes
exercise can decrease the need for medication
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Indicate which one is type I or type II Diabetes
take oral pills
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the glycemic index of foods |
|
Definition
| measures the amount of blood glucose rise after eating a food. reference of white bread as the highest. |
|
|
Term
How will you change your diet based on what you have learned carbohydrates?
|
|
Definition
| Eat more whole grains, less processed refined foods, less dessert or sugar, less sugar substitutes, lower total carbohydrates, lower on the glycemic index, small frequent meals, more carbohydrates. |
|
|
Term
| A compound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with 3 fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of fatty acid is found in high amounts in olive oil (that has one double bond)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which one of the following compounds is missing 4 or more hydrogen atoms? |
|
Definition
| Polyunsaturated fatty acid |
|
|
Term
| A major cause of rancidity of lipids in foods is exposure to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following has the highest percentage of its fat in saturated from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is not a feature of lecithin?
widespread in foods
found in cell membranes
manufactured by the body
dietary supplements inhibits fat absorption |
|
Definition
| dietary supplements inhibits fat absorption |
|
|
Term
| What is the major sterol in the diet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A common feature of the plant sterol is they |
|
Definition
| inhibit absorption of dietary cholesterol |
|
|
Term
All of the following compounds may be synthesized from cholesterol except
bile
glucose
vitamin D
sex hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following characteristics are shared by cholesterol and lecithin?
both are sterols
both are phospholipids
both are essential nutrients
both are synthesized in the body |
|
Definition
| both are synthesized in the body |
|
|
Term
| Chylomicrons are synthesized within the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following substances cannot be absorbed directly into the blood?
glycerol
long-chain fatty acids
short-chain fatty acids
medium-chain fatty acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A high risk of heart attack correlates with high blood levels of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A low risk of cardiovascular disease correlates with high blood levels of |
|
Definition
| high-density lipoproteins |
|
|
Term
| An important function of fat in the body is to |
|
Definition
| protect vital organs against shock |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is an omega-3 fat?
Acetic acid
Palmitic acid
Linoleic acid
Docosahexaenoic acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aspirin works to reduce the symptoms of infection or pain by retarding the synthesis of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following foods provide essential fatty acids?
Fish only
Beef only
Plants only
Fish, Beef, Plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the highest total blood cholesterol concentration (mg/dL) that falls within the desirable range? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the highest blood triglyceride concentration (mg/dL) that falls within the desirable range? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nutrient is used to ketones? |
|
Definition
| Fat (burned for energy by the muscles) |
|
|
Term
| What is the appropriate daily trans-fatty acid intake in the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Each of the following is known to be linked to excessive intake of fats except
cancer
obesity
diabetes
lactose intolerance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A lacto-ovo vegetarian wishing to ensure a liberal intake of linolenic acid should consume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
High intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are known to increase the risk for all the following except
a poor wound healing
higher LDL cholesterol
suppressed immune function
inflammation of the pancreas |
|
Definition
| inflammation of the pancreas |
|
|
Term
| Approximately how many grams of fat would be contained in an 800 - kcalorie meal that provides 50% of the energy from carbohydrate, 20% from protein, and the remainder from fat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In most nuts, what is the distribution of saturated and unsaturated fats, in order of highest to lowest amounts? |
|
Definition
| Monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, saturated |
|
|
Term
| Results of the Seven Countries Study found that the population groups with highest and lowest rates of heart disease both consumed at least 40% of their kCalories from fat but the healthier group was found to ingest more |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is a feature of nut consumption and improved cardiovascular health? The benefit ...
is unrelated to the phytochemical content
is unrelated to changes in LDL concentration
is found only from ingestion of a few types of nut
may be related, in part, to the high content of monounsaturated fats and low content of saturated fat |
|
Definition
| the benefits may be related, in part, to the high content of monounsaturated fats and low content of saturated fat |
|
|
Term
| In comparison to the composition of carbohydrates and fats, which element found in proteins makes them unique? |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is the primary factor that differentiates one amino acids fro another?
the side group
the central carbon atom
the number of oxygen atoms
the number of nitrogen atoms |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How many different kinds of amino acids make up proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| Approximately how many different amino acids are used in the synthesis of body proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
Any of the following can be used by the body for the synthesis of a nonessential amino acids except
a fragment of fat
an essential mineral
an essential amino acid
a fragment of carbohydrate |
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Definition
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Term
| When two amino acids are chemically joined together, the resulting structure is called a |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The application of heat or acid to a protein that causes its shape to change is known as |
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Definition
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Term
| What digestive enzyme would be most affected in people who are unable to produce hydrochloric acid? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| After digestion of proteins, what products are absorbed into the circulation? |
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Definition
| Free amino acids, and a few dipeptides and tripeptides |
|
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Term
| What is the chief function of pepsin? |
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Definition
| Cleaves proteins into smaller polypeptides |
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Term
| Which of the following describes a process in protein synthesis? |
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Definition
| The code to make a protein is carried by a strand of messenger RNA |
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Term
Which of the following is a characteristic of hormones?
inactive bacteria
act as a messenger molecule
coordinate visual response
act as bloodstream buffers |
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Definition
| act as messenger molecule |
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Term
| Proteins, because they attract hydrogen ions, can act as |
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Definition
|
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Term
Which of the following proteins inactivates foreign bacteria and viruses?
Enzymes
Collagen
Hormones
Antibodies |
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Definition
|
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Term
| When nitrogen taken into the body exceeds nitrogen losses, we say the person is in |
|
Definition
| positive nitrogen balance |
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Term
| What amino acid is used to synthesize the neurotransmitter serotonin and the vitamin niacin? |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is a consequence of excess protein intake?
decreased excretion of calcium
decreased size of the liver and kidneys
increased production and excretion of urea
increased protein storage by the liver and kidneys |
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Definition
| increased production and excretion of urea |
|
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Term
| A person who is starving is losing |
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Definition
| glycogen, protein and fat |
|
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Term
Which of the following illustrates a deanimation reaction?
removal of the amino group from an amino acid
separation of an amino acid from a peptide chain
addition of an amino group to from a new amino acid
addition of an amino acid to form a larger peptide chain |
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Definition
| removal of the amino group from an amino acid |
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Term
What is the percentage digestibility of most plant proteins?
|
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following food proteins has the best assortment of essential amino acids for the human body?
corn
rice
egg
gelatin |
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Definition
|
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Term
Which of the following is not considered to be a source of high-quality protein in human nutrition?
soy
egg
corn
fish |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a "limiting" amino acid in a protein? |
|
Definition
| an essential amino acid present in insufficient quantity for body protein synthesis to take place |
|
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Term
| Which of the following is characteristic of protein nutrition in vegetarians? |
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Definition
| most vegetarians eating a variety of foods need not balance essential amino acid intake at each meal |
|
|
Term
| What is the Daily Value for protein based on a 2000-kCalorie intake? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is complementary protein nutrition? |
|
Definition
| A strategy that combines plant proteins in the same day to improve the balance of essential amino acids. |
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Term
| In general, the protein quality in grains would be most improved by the addition of a plant protein rich in |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Excessive amounts of homocysteine in the blood are thought to increase the risk for |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following describe an association between protein intake and kidney function? |
|
Definition
| restricting protein intake may slow down the progression of kidney disease |
|
|
Term
| What is the RDA for protein for a 48-kg woman? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What amino acids supplement has been advertised in the popular media for treating herpes infections? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The study of how food interacts with genes is known as |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximately what percentage of a person's genes are similar to that of an unrelated person? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following describes the sums of all chemical reactions that on in living cells?
Digestion
metabolism
absorbtion
catabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A typical cell contains "powerhouses", which is another name for the |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What term is specific to reactions in which simple compounds are combined into more complex molecules? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A feature of catabolic reaction is that they |
|
Definition
| involve the release of energy |
|
|
Term
| What is the major energy carrier molecule in most cells? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the approximate percent efficiency of conversion of food energy to ATP in the body? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following defines a coenzyme? |
|
Definition
| An organic molecule required for the functioning of an enzyme. |
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Term
Which of the following metabolic reaction occurs when a cell uses energy?
ATP gains a phosphate group and become ADP
ADP gains a phosphate group and becomes ATP
ATP releases a phosphate group and become ADP
ADP releases a phosphate group and become ATP |
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Definition
| ATP releases a phosphate group and becomes ADP |
|
|
Term
Which of the following can not be formed from acetyl CoA molecules?
Glucose
Cholesterol
Stearic acid
Carbon dioxide |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycolysis is the conversion of |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The series of reactions involving conversion of glucose to pyruvate is known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An aerobic reaction is one that requires |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When a person is performing intense physical exercise and begins to feel fatigue and a burning pain in the muscles, the response of the muscles is to synthesize more |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Fatty acid oxidation results in the direct production of |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following compounds cannot be formed from fatty acids?
Ketones
Glucose
Acetyl CoA
Carbon dioxide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following cannot be used to make body proteins?
Glucose
Glycerol
Fatty acids
Amino acids |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| After digestion and absorption, an amino acid not used to build protein will first be subjected to |
|
Definition
| removal of its amino group |
|
|
Term
| If the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the body's needs for glucose, which of the following can be converted to glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When protein consumption is in excess of body needs and energy needs are met, the excess amino acids are metabolized and the energy in the molecules is |
|
Definition
| stored as glycogen and fat |
|
|
Term
| In the metabolism of amino acids for energy, what is the fate of the amino group? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is not a possible fate of metabolized glucose?
urea
acetyl CoA
amino acid
muscle glycogen |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The body's need for water increased on a high diet in |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Jason is 35 years old and was recently diagnosed with 2 failing kidneys. He was advised to decrease the amount of protein he consumes. If Jason cheats by eating an 8-oz steak for dinner tonight, shortly thereafter, there would most likely be an increase in the urea levels of his |
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Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following may serve as precursors for oxaloacctate synthesis except
fat
starch
glucose
protein |
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Definition
|
|
Term
When energy-yielding nutrients are consumed in excess, which one(s) can lead to storage of fat?
fat only
carbohydrate only
Fat and carbohydrate only
all three |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following outlines the overall sequence of events in the complete oxidation of glucose? |
|
Definition
| glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
| The number of ATP molecules that can be produced from a molecule of protein, fat, and carbohydrate is generally related to the number of atoms of |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following accounts for the higher energy density of fatty acid compared with the other energy-yielding nutrients? |
|
Definition
| fatty acids have a greater percentage of hydrogen-carbon bonds |
|
|
Term
| Approximately how many molecules of ATP are generated from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximately how many ATP molecules are synthsized from the complete oxidation of a molecule of palmitic acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following can be synthesized from all three energy-yielding nutrients? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| After the first day or so of fasting, which of the following is most depleted in the body? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the total amount of carbohydrate energy consumed by the body, approximately what percentage is used by the brain and the nerve cells? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| During the first few days of a fast, what energy source provides about 90% of the glucose needed to fuel the body? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following dietary nutrients would most rapidly reverse a state of ketosis in a starving person? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condensation of acetyl CoA molecules |
|
|
Term
| A feature of ketosis is that it |
|
Definition
| occurs when fats are partially oxidized |
|
|
Term
| One average-sized can of beer contains about the same amount of alcohol as |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is(are) best suited for slowing alcohol absorption?
not eating
protein snack
caffeine drink
carbohydrate snack |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following plays a major role in regulation the elimination of alcohol from the body? |
|
Definition
| liver alcohol dehydrogenase |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements is not characteristic of alcohol metabolism? |
|
Definition
| Alcohol is metabolized by muscle and brain cells as well as by the liver |
|
|
Term
| What is the minimum blood alcohol percentage that define legal drunkenness in most states? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What minimum concentration of alcohol in the blood is usually fatal? |
|
Definition
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