Term
| Approximate Water Consumption of Swine |
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Definition
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| Approximate Water Consumption of Sheep |
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Definition
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| Approximate Water Consumption of Beef Cattle |
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Definition
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| Approximate Water Consumption of Dairy Cattle |
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Definition
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| Approximate Water Consumption of Horses |
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Definition
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| Approximate Water Consumption of Poultry |
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Definition
| 2 parts water for every 1 part feed |
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Term
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Definition
| Expressed in ml/day = kcal/day |
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Definition
| Disaccharide - glucose & fructose; table sugar |
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Definition
| Disaccharide - 2 glucose molocules; malt sugar |
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Definition
| Disaccharide - 2 glucose molocules; malt sugar |
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Definition
| Disaccharide - galactose and glucose; milk sugar |
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Definition
| Disaccharide - 2 molucules of glucose (different structure than maltose); plant starch |
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Definition
| Polysaccharide; starch alpha linkage found only in plants |
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Definition
| Polysaccharide; Starch (alpha linkage) only in plants |
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Definition
| Polysaccharide - Branched chain of starch found in liver and muscles; Starch alpha linkage |
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Term
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Definition
| Polysaccharide - beta linkage of glucose |
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Definition
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Definition
| Mixed Polysaccharide - Abundant in citrus, beets, and apples |
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Definition
| Mixed Polysaccharide - Presennt in all plants, released when plant is wounded |
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Definition
| Related to a Co and/or B12 defeciency - emaciated appearance due to a lack of absorbed B12; very common in grazing animals |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by Iodine deficiency; When the pituitary release too much TSH, resulting in an enlarged, improperly functioning thyroid gland. Has been greatly reduced in developed countries by the use of iodized salt. |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by Iodine deficiency; When the pituitary release too much TSH, resulting in an enlarged, improperly functioning thyroid gland. Has been greatly reduced in developed countries by the use of iodized salt. |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by Iodine deficiency in pregnant mothers; causes infantile stunting of physical and mental development |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by an Iodine deficiency; hard edema of subcutaneous tissue, dryness and loss of hair, subnormal temperature, hoarseness, muscle weakness, slow return of muscle after a tendon jerk to neutral position. Can also be a symptom of cretinism |
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Term
| Non-specific symptoms of Iodine deficiency |
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Definition
| Reduced BMR (basic metabolic rate), reabsorbed fetuses, abortions, stillbirths, irregular or suppressed estrus, reduced libido, and reduced semen quality |
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Term
| Non-specific symptoms of Iodine toxicity |
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Definition
| Reduced fertility, reduced egg production, prenatal mortality in rabbits, abortions in mammals. (Also has some effect on the long bones in horses with big head disease. Wasn't able to find the specifics though) |
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Term
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Definition
| Related to a deficiency of Zinc (or an excess of Ca); occurs in cloven-hoof animals, causes thickening of the skin, lesions, and slowed growth |
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Term
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Definition
| Most directly related to hormone production and the thyroid |
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Term
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Definition
Most closely related to various functions of the digestive system. Attributed with enzymes, protein synthesis, CHO metabolism, Absorption, and is stored in the liver.
Zinc binds with phytates to facilitate their absorption and also works parallel with EDTA to encourage general absorption. |
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Term
| Hyperkeratinization of epithelial cells |
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Definition
| Caused by Zinc deficiency; skin becomes crusty and cracked, allowing entry of microbes and thus infection |
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Term
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Definition
| Related to a Zinc deficiency; causes the gonads to shrink |
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Term
| Non-specific symptoms of Zinc deficiency |
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Definition
Anorexia
Reduced wool and horn growth
Poor feathering
Dermatitis
Retarded bone formation
Delayed healing
Impaired glucose tolerance |
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Term
| Non-specific symptoms of Zinc toxicity |
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Definition
Interfered utilization of Cu and Fe
Depraved appetite
Bone resorption (bones revert to a texture similar to cartilage)
Anemic-like symptoms
Death in severe cases |
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Term
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Definition
Very specific to digestive and reproductive functions:
Absorption of amino acids and other minerals
Excretion of sweat and feces
Placenta and Mammary transfer (note that in most animals, iron does not pass from the mother to the baby through breast milk) |
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Term
| Anemia (Most Common Form) |
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Definition
Decreased incorporation of hemoglobin into red blood cells due to iron deficiency.
Very common worldwide, though more so in developing countries and most common among females
(This definition is under the microcytic form of anemia)
(ALSO... there is also something specific to pigs, but I have no idea what it is cause I took crap notes here) |
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Term
| Non-specific symptoms of Iron toxicity |
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Definition
Diarrhea
Decreased growth rate and feed efficiency
Acidosis of the vascular system (excessive blood acidity)
insufficient absorption of CA, P and Vitamin E; interference with P can also effect hemoglobin production and produce signs of P deficiency
Death |
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Term
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Definition
- a trace mineral -
Direct relationship with:
Enzymes
Fe function (metabolism, elastin and collagen formation, melanin production, integrity of CNS)
Hematopoiesis (erythrocyte production)
Bone formation
Myelination of brain cells and spinal cord
Hair and Wool pigmentation |
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Term
| Why are the symptoms of grass tetany and milk fever somewhat similar |
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Definition
| Both calcium (milk fever) and Magnesium (grass tetany) deficiencies effect muscle function |
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Term
| What are the 3 electrolytes |
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Definition
| Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), and Potassium (K) |
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Term
| Deficiency of Zinc in swine causes what disorder? |
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Definition
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Term
Deficiency of Se causes __________
Excess Se causes ________ & _________ |
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Definition
Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy (NMD)(also Stiff Lamb Disease, White Muscle Disease)
Blind Staggers & Alkali Disease |
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Term
| Why does feeding sweetclover hay to cattle sometimes increase their Vitamin K requirements |
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Definition
| Sweetclover hay contains anticoagulants, and Vitamin K is essential to coagulation. |
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Term
| What precautions must be taken in feeding raw egg whites to simple stomached animals |
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Definition
| Light cooking to kill any bacteria |
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Term
| What are the 10 essential amino acids |
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Definition
Pvt. Tim Hall:
Phenylalanine Valine Threonine
Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine
Histidine, Arginine, Leucine, Lysine |
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Term
| What additional amino acid is required for cats |
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Definition
| Taurine (required for all carnivores) |
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Term
| What do the abbreviations TDN, DE, NFE, NE, HI, FE, GE, and ME stand for |
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Definition
Total Digestible Nutrients [[Digestible CP + digestible CF + digestible NFE + 2.25(ether extract)]
Digestible Energy (GE - FE)
Nitrogen Free Extract (readily availble CHO in feed)
Net Energy [GE - (FE+UE+GE+HI)]
Heat Increment
Fecal Energy
Gross Energy [the total combustible energy in a feedstuff]
Metabolized Energy [GE - (FE+UE+GE)] |
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Term
What is BV%?
What common food/feed has the highest BV% |
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Definition
Biological Value; the % of metabolized protein
Egg Whites |
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Term
| A ___________ is any feed constituent, group of feed constituents, that aids in the support of animal life |
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Definition
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Term
| Water consumption for: Horse Dairy Cow Poultry |
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Definition
| 10-14 gal/head/day 30-80 gal/head/day (variation dependent on level of milk production) 2 parts water to every 1 part of feed |
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Term
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Definition
| 6 molecules of carbon + 6 molecules of water + solar energy = 1 molecule Glucose + 6 molecules of Oxygen |
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Term
| Define monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharaides. Give 2-3 examples for all three. |
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Definition
Monosaccharides: a single sugar carbohydrate; the basic units of all CHO - Hexoses: glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose
- Pentoses: Arabinose, Xylose, Ribose
Disaccharides: CHO molecules consisting of two sugars; Lactose, Sucrose, Maltose, Cellobiose
Polysaccharides: CHO consisting of multiple units of monosaccharides; Can be for energy storage (Starch) or Structural (Cellulose); Amylose, Amyopectin, Glycogen |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| A polysaccharide not considered a true CHO and indigestible in simple stomached animals |
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Definition
| Lignin (C:H:O ratio does not match that necessary for carbohydrates) |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of glucose molecules (beta linkage) indigestible by all simple stomached molecules |
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Term
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Definition
Description when there is an abundance of ketones. A result of not having enough sugar in the body, so the system starts to breakdown fatty acids to provide the necessary energy; ketones are a byproduct.
Symptoms: weight loss, increased water consumption, decreased milk production, acetone smell, and abortion. Can also call Twin Lamb disease.
Can be treated with an injection of dextrose. |
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Term
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Definition
| The production of glucose from sources other than CHO |
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Term
| _______ Produces 2.25 times as much energy as CHO |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ x 6.25 = Crude Protein |
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Definition
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Term
| Consumption of diets high in _______ fatty acids will result in soft pork |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ fatty acids have double bonds |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ fatty acids are more likely to become rancid |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ number denotes the degree of unsaturation of fat |
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Definition
| Iodine (Iodine binds to unsaturated fatty acids) |
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Term
| Compounds which are not true proteins, but contain N and can be turned into protein by microbial action |
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Definition
| Non-protein nitrogens (Urea, Biuret, ammonia; often used as protein supplements for ruminants) |
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Term
| What are some of the common methods of protecting high-quality feeds from ruminant degradation |
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Definition
Heat Treatment
Treatment with Formaldehyde or tannins
Encapsulation of amino acids
Use of Amino Acid analogs
Control of Microbial metabolism in rumen |
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Term
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Definition
removal of an amino group from a molecule, the amine group is then converted to ammonia, and eventually, urea.
Deamination is used when there is an excess of protein in the body. the remaining C and H is either recycled or oxidized and used for energy |
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Term
Most commonly fed NPN to beef cattle:
List two more commonly fed NPN additives: _____ & ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Protein/CHO complexes integral to cell-cell recognition, immunity in particular |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| blueprint of protein synthesis |
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Term
| Which of the seven macro-minerals makes up 50% of the mineral content of the body |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the seven macro-minerals makes up 25% of the body's mineral content |
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Definition
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Term
Define these abbreviations:
IP
DIP
UIP
UIPIP
AP
BCP |
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Definition
Intake Protein
Degraded Intake Protein
Undegraded Intake Protein
Rumen-undegradable Intake Protein
Absorbed Protein
Bacterial Crude Protein |
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Term
| What are the seven macro minerals |
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Definition
Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P)
Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl)
Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg)
Sulfur (S) |
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Term
| What are the 11 trace minerals |
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Definition
Cobalt (Co), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu),
Flourine (F), Iron (Fe), Iodine (I),
Manganese (Ma), Molybdenum (Mo),
Selenium (Se), Silicon (Si),
Zinc (Zn) |
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Definition
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Term
| Which minerals are needed for oxygen transport? |
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Definition
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Term
| Minerals nessecary for skeletal formation and maintenance |
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Definition
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Term
| Minerals nessecary for protein synthesis |
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Definition
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| Minerals nessecary for Oxygen transport |
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Definition
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Term
| Minerals nessecary for fluid balance (osmotic pressure and excretion) and acid-base nalance |
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Definition
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Term
| Minerals nessecary for activators and/or components of enzyme systems |
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Definition
Macro: Ca, P, K, Mg
Micro: Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn |
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Term
| Minerals with major vitamin rationships |
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Definition
Vitamin D - Ca & P
Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) - Co
Vitamin E - Se |
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Term
| Natural Sources of minerals |
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Definition
Forages: good sources of most minerals
Grains: poor sources except potassium
Soil Analysis: necessary to know to get proper nutrients to the plant |
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Term
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Definition
| When oxalates, phytates, and fats bind to mineral for absorption, but can not be broken down in non-ruminants |
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Term
| Which mineral is a component of insulin and who's deficiency causes a hyperleratinization of epithelial cells |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ deficiency causes wasting disease |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ deficiency causes goiter |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Mineral present in thyroxin (a thyroid hormone) |
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Definition
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Term
| Mineral deficiency causes microytic, hypochromic anemia |
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Definition
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Term
| Pigs are born deficient in this mineral and need IM injections at 2-3 days of age |
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Definition
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Term
| Besides Fe, this mineral is needed for normal hematopoiesis |
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Definition
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Term
| Mineral who's deficieny causes slipped tendon |
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Definition
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Term
Lack of normal coordination of body parts ________
Caused by what mineral deficiency? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Loss of hair pigmentation:
Caused by what mineral deficiency |
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Definition
Achromotrichia
Copper (Cu) |
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Term
| Lupins produce toxic alkaloids that impair hepatic capacity to metabolize ingested _______ producing toxic symptoms of that mineral |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Active biological form of Vitamin E |
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Definition
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Term
| Deficiency of vitamin ____ causes rickets in _____ animals and _______ in older animals |
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Definition
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Term
| Mulberry heart disease is caused by deficiency of _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between warfarin and dicoumarol? Where are they found? |
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Definition
| Dicoumarol is found in clover and is natural while warfarin is artificial and typically found in poisons. Both are anticoagulants/Vitamin K inhibitors |
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Term
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Definition
| A blood coagulation protien required for normal blood clotting; Vitamin K is essential to prothrombin synthesis |
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Term
| Deficiency of ______ causes beriberi |
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Definition
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Term
| Deficiency of ______ causes pellagra |
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Definition
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Term
| Consumption of bracken fern causes __________ in horses |
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Definition
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Term
| Curled-toe paralysis is caused by a deficiency of _______ |
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Definition
| Riboflavin (B2) [NOTE: Curled-toe paralysis is a breakdown of the myelin sheath of nerve fibers] |
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Term
| Which vitamin is given to high-producing dairy cattle to increase their milk production |
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Definition
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Term
| Plants cannot produce this B-complex vitamin |
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Definition
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Term
| Deficiency of this vitamin causes leukopenia |
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Definition
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Term
| Only vitamin requiring specific gastrointestinal tract secretion for its absorption. This secretion is called _____ |
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Definition
Cyanocobalamin (B12)
Intrinsic Factor |
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Term
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Definition
| The eating of feces; done by some non-ruminant herbivores to derive the benefits of microbial digestion |
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Term
| Is inositol a true vitamin? Why or why not? |
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Definition
No
No proof that all necessary inositol is not synthesized by the organism, in other words, no proof that it needs to be dietary supplemented |
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Term
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Definition
| Vitamin C and Vitamin E (others are Vitamin A and Selenium, also beta-carotene, lycopene, and lutein) |
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Term
| Deficieny of _____ causes scurvy |
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Definition
Vitamin C
Scurvy symptoms: of spots on the skin, spongy gums, and bleeding from the mucous membranes |
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Term
| Besides people, what other animals require dietary Vitamin C |
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Definition
| other primates and guinea pigs |
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Term
Define:
xerophthalmia
conjunctivitis
precursor |
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Definition
- extreme dryness and thickening of the conjunctiva often resulting from vitamin A deficiency, most often seen in winter
- also called pink eye, conjunctiva inflammation w/ redness and discharge
- precursor: a biochemical substance such as an intermediate compound in a chain of enzymatic reactions from which a more stable or definitive product is formed |
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Term
| What is MGA? What are its advantages? |
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Definition
Melengestrol Acetate
A synthetic progesterone used as a common feed additive to feedlot heifers to suppress estrus and improve feed efficiency & growth |
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Term
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Definition
Milk Urea Nitrogen
A means by which to monitor nutritional protien in cows; amount of urea in milk correlates to amount in blood |
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Term
| High MUN levels are usually due to feeding carbohydrates that |
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Definition
| do not readibly digest enough to match protein source; too much protein or not enough rumen availble energy in ration |
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Term
| Low MUN levels are due to |
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Definition
| typically, insufficient DIP, UIP and/or energy levels |
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