Term
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Definition
| "How organisms obtain and use food to support life processes" |
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Term
| What are the three leading causes of death in the United States? |
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Definition
1. Heart disease
2. Cancer
3. Stroke |
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Term
| Identify changes in the US diet that may be related to our increased obesity rates over he past 30 years. |
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Definition
41% more grains
63% more fats and oils
19% more sweetners
19% more fruits and vegetables |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical substance in foods used in the body |
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Term
| Name the six classes of nutrients |
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Definition
| carbohydrates, protiens, viatamins, minerals, lipids, water |
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Term
| Which nutrients are macronutrients? |
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Definition
| Protients, carbogydrates, fats |
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Term
| Which nutrients are micronutrients? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define the term essential nutrient |
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Definition
| A nutirent that must be consumed on a regular basis in order to provide for growth, maintinance and repair |
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Term
| What consequence results from inadequate intake of an essential nutrient? |
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Definition
| absesnce from the diet could cause deficiency disease, adding the nutrient back can correct the problem |
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Term
| Contrast organic and inorganic nutrients |
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Definition
| organic are carbon- carbon, or carbon-hydrogen bonding. Inorganic are Carbond bonding |
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Term
| Identify organic nutrients |
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Definition
| carbohydrates, lipids, protien, viatamins |
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Term
| Identify inorganic nutrients |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| food that is grown with out synthetic pestisides, herbisides, and fertilizers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what kind of energy is used by body cells? |
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Definition
| Food energy-- energy in sugars/fats used to make ATP molecules |
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Term
which nutients yield energy?
How many Kcal do these nutrients yield? |
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Definition
Carbohydrates: 4 kcal/g
Protien: 4 kcal/g
Fat: 9 kcal/g
Alcohal 7kcal/g |
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Term
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Definition
1 kc = 1000 calories.
Food |
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Term
| What is the reccomended dietary pattern for macronutriends in the diet? |
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Definition
Carbohydrates: 45-65%
Protien: 10-35%
Fat: 20-35% |
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Term
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Definition
| nutient content compared with energy content in a food |
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Term
| Give examples of foods with high nutrient density and low nutruent density |
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Definition
Low: soda, chocolate, apple
High: milk, trail mix, apple |
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Term
| Comparing protien, carbs, and fat, which of these nutrients is likeley to LOWER nutrient density when the food contains a substantial amount of it? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the approximate percentage distribution of nutrients in the human body? |
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Definition
Water: 62%
Protien: 10%
fat: 16%
minterals: 6% |
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Term
| List the general functions of all nutrients, and the list the nutrients associated with each of these functions |
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Definition
1. Energy: carbs, lipids, protiens
2. Body Structure:: lipids, protiens, water, minerals
3. Body Processes: all nutrients |
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Term
| DO foods contain other substances (not nutrients) that are beneficial to health? |
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Definition
| Yes, phytochemicals, and probiotics |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Functional foods are foods that have a potentially positive effect on health beyond basic nutrition. |
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Term
| Contrast undernutrtion and over nutrition |
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Definition
Under nutriiton is nutrient of energy deficiency
Overnutrition is excessive intake of nutrients or energy |
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Term
| List all causes of primary nutrient deficiency and secondary nutrient deficiency |
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Definition
Primary: inadequate nutrient intake
Secondary: inadequate absorbtion, metabolism illness |
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Term
| Identift the various meathods used to access nutrion status and give specific examples of each meathod |
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Definition
Anthopometric data: heaght/weight, circumformences, body composition
Laboratory tests/biochemcial data: lab analysis
CLimical assessment: medical history, physical exam, current sympptoms
Dietary assessment: 24 hour recall interview, food requency questionaire, food record |
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Term
| Describe the different meathods of dietary assessment |
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Definition
24 hour recall interview
food frequency questionaire
food record |
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Term
| List the stages in the development of a typical nutrient deficency, and identify the assessnebt neathids that nay identify the possiblility of deficiency at each of these steps |
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Definition
Primary deficiency caused by inadequate diet -- diet history
secondary deficiency caused by problem insude the body -- health history
declining nutrient stores and abnormal functons inside the body -- laboratory tests
physical signs and symptoms -- physical examination and anthopometric measures |
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Term
| Who is qualified to give nutrition information? |
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Definition
| Nutritional journal, published articles |
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Term
| Give examples of the degrees and credentials suggesting that a person has an adequate preparation for giving nutritional advice |
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Definition
B.S. in nutritional science or dietics
MPH : public health nutrition
RD: Registered dietitian
PHD: nutrition science
MS: nutrition science |
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Term
| Are diplimas issued by diploma mills equivilant to those issued by accreditied colleges and universities? |
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Definition
| No, diploma mills issue fake diplomas that people pay for and are not valid |
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Term
| Define scientific meathod |
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Definition
| using logic and reason to explain observations |
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Term
| What are the steps of the scientific meathod |
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Definition
1. make an observation
2. propose a hypothesis
3. expiriment
4. evaluate results |
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Term
| Is the scientific meathod the only means by which scientific info is obtained? |
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Definition
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Term
| describe exampels of epidemiogical studies and explain what makes these types of studies observational rather than expirimental |
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Definition
Cross sectional study: measure bone density in various population groups worldwide. determine calcium, viatamin D and K intake.
Retrospective:compared past diet cancer patient and simlar non cancer patients
Prospective: follow a large group over time and collect medical and diet data. |
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Term
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Definition
| only subject doens't know if thier a treatment or a placebo |
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Term
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Definition
| Both subject and researchers dont know if the subject is a treatment or a placebo |
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Term
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Definition
Are they signifigant? was the treatment benefit due to the treatment or luck?
Dont change your diet for a small change |
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Term
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Definition
| Dont change your diet for a small change |
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Term
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Definition
| doesn't have a direct biological affect |
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Term
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Definition
| Check the study. Is it necessary to redo the study. |
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Term
| Which type of study is more accurate? Prospective or retrospective? |
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Definition
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Term
| Animal studies advantages and disadvantages |
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Definition
Advantages: increased control, can study on animal tissues, short life spans.
Dissadvantages: not human, not ethical |
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Term
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Definition
| Dietary referance intakes (DRI) |
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Term
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Definition
dietary guidlines for americans
choose my place.gov |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| DRI caregories for nutrients |
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Definition
Tolerable upper intake level (UL)
estimated average requirement (EAR)
recomended dietary allowance (RDA)
Adequate intake (AI) |
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Term
| Description of the Dietary referance intakes |
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Definition
1. reccomended intake levels
2. research based regular updates
3. read for free map.edu |
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Term
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Definition
| scientists and health professionals |
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Term
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Definition
1. Estimate the average intake (EAR) value
2. increase the EAR to cover the needs of about 97.5% of all healthy people |
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Term
| RDA: an intake level that meets the nutrient needs of ____% of healthy people |
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Definition
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Term
| Are RDA levels higher lower or similar to what most people need? |
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Definition
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Term
| Adequate intake level (AI) |
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Definition
insufficient evidance to set an EAR
represents average amount consumed by healthy people
can use instead of an RDA |
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Term
| Tolerable upper intake level (UL) |
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Definition
| highest level of intake unlikey to cause health risk (Exceeding the UL increases risk of toxicity) |
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Term
| Are RDA/AI values actual requrirements? |
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Definition
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Term
| IF you eat less than the RDA will you become deficient? |
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Definition
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Term
| what percentage of the RDA reccomendation is "good enough"? |
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Definition
| can't know for sure -- shoot for 100 |
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Term
| guidance for health promotion and chronic disease prevention is revisded every... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| current whole grain consumption and reccomendation |
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Definition
consumption: 13%
reccomendation 50% |
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Term
| what nutrients are replaced in milled grains |
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Definition
thiamin, iron, niacin, riboflaun
folic acid added in 1996 |
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Term
| examples of enriched grains and flours |
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Definition
| bread, rice, corn meal, four, pasta |
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Term
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Definition
| nutrients are removed from grains and then are replaced |
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Term
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Definition
| nutrients are added to foods that were never there |
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Term
| examples of fortified foods |
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Definition
| total cereal, viatamin water, milk, orange juice, tang, V8 splash, salt, energy bars |
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Term
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Definition
| food and drug administration |
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Term
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Definition
| United states department of agriculture-- neatm oultry, eggs, milk |
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Term
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Definition
| process of breaking fown foods into small absorbable units |
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Term
| products of macronutrient digestion |
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Definition
protien: amino acids
starch: glucose
fat: fatty acids |
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Term
| what types of precesses break down food to nutrients? |
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Definition
mechanical: chewing
chemical: puring chemcials on ther food to break it down |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
raw foods supply usable enztmes
enzyme suplements improve food digestion |
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Term
| digestive enzymes for macro nutrients |
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Definition
1. proteases - protien
2. amylases - starch
3. lipasea - lipids/ fats |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of the nutrients to the blood stream |
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Term
| about what percent of nutrients are absorbed? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| mouth, pharnyx, stomach, small intestines, large intestines |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| transit time in the GI tract |
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Definition
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Term
| what proceses propel food foward and prevent back floq? |
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Definition
| peristalsis: wavelike muscular contractions. Sphicters |
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Term
| sphincters in the GI tract |
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Definition
upper esophigial, lower esophigial, pyloric, ileoceal, anal (2)
6 total |
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Term
| Gastroesophegeal reflux disease (GERD) |
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Definition
back flow of stomach contents
also known as heart burn
prevention/treatment: dont squease the stomach, eat smaller meals, avoid certian foods |
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Term
| what prevents digestion of the GI tract itself? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| erosion of mucosal tissue |
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Term
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Definition
esophigial
gastric
duodernal |
|
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Term
| helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| prevalance of H. pylori infection |
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Definition
| US: 40% europe 70% asia 70% africa 90% australia 20% south americaa 90% |
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Term
| main causes of a peptic ulcer |
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Definition
infection
asprin and other drugs |
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