Term
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Definition
| study of food, including how food nourishes our bodies and how food influences our health; critical components: nutrition and physical activity |
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Term
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Definition
| absence of disease: physical, emotional and spiritual health |
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Term
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Definition
| the chemicals in foods that are critical to human growth and function |
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Term
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Definition
| nutrients required in relatively large amounts; provide energy to our bodies; carbs, fats and oils, proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| nutrients required in smaller amounts; vitamins and minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| how we measure energy; amount of energy required to raise the temp of 1g of water by 1 degree C |
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Term
| Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) |
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Definition
| updated nutritional standards; expanded on traditional RDA values; set standards for nutrients that do not have RDA values |
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Term
| Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) |
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Definition
| average daily intake level of a nutrient that will meet the needs of half of the people in a particular category; used to determine Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of a nutrient |
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Term
| Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) |
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Definition
| average daily intake level required to meet the needs of 97-98% of people in a particular category |
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Term
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Definition
| Recommended average daily intake level for a nutrient; based on observations and estimates from experiments; Used when RDA is not yet established--calcium, vitamin D, vitamin K, Fluoride |
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Term
| Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) |
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Definition
| Highest average daily intake level that is not likely to have adverse effects on the health of most people; consumption of a nutrient at levels above the UL is not considered safe |
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Term
| Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) |
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Definition
| Average dietary energy intake (kcal) to maintain energy balance; based on age, gender, weight, height, level of physical activity |
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Term
| Acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR) |
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Definition
| Describes the portion of energy intake that should come from each macronutrient |
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Term
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Definition
| Adequate, moderate, balanced and varied |
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Term
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Definition
| required by FDA on most products; includes: statement of identity, net contents oof the package, ingredients list, manufacturer's name and address, nutrition information |
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Term
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Definition
| contains the nutrition info required by FDA |
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Term
| percent daily values (%DV) |
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Definition
| how much a serving of food contributes to your total intake of a nutrient; based on 2,000 calories/day; used to determine if a product is low or high in a particular nutrient |
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Term
| dietary guidelines for americans |
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Definition
| general advice for nutrition and health; 30 min/day physical activity, fruits and vegs, high fiber & whole grain foods, limit saturated fats and trans fats, limit sodium intake, moderate alcohol consumption |
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Term
| major causes of death in U.S. |
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Definition
| Poor diet and sedentary lifestyle |
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Term
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Definition
| graphic representation of types and relative quantities of foods for good nutrition; emphasizes physical activity, moderation, personalization, variety and gradual improvement |
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Term
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Definition
| there is no standardized definition for a serving size of any food |
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Term
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Definition
| relative amount of nutrients per calorie of food; best choice when making choices in each food group |
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Term
| 5-A-Day the Color Way Program |
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Definition
| based on evidence linking fruit and vegetable consumption with cancer prevention; recommends minimum of 5 fruits and vegs per day |
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Term
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Definition
| approach to stop hypertension; limits sodium intake to 3,000 mg/day; has been shown to reduce blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| designed for people with diabetes; 6 food groups or exchange lists; food is grouped in an exchange list based on its content of calories, carbs, protein and fat |
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Term
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Definition
| avoid breaded or fried foods, order salad instead of soup, ask for steamed veg, substitute veg for potatoes or rice, avoid cream or cheese sauces, order small portions |
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Term
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Definition
| energy for body processes, heat for body temperatur regulation, building blocks for growth and maintenance of body tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological desire to eat certain foods |
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Term
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Definition
| physiological sensation that prompts us to eat |
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Term
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Definition
| the feeling of being full |
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Term
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Definition
| trigger the release of hormones called insuline and glucagon to prompt us to eat |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals produced in specialized glands that travel in the bloodstream to target organs in other parts of the body; some simulate food intake; some produce a feeling of satiety |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| break down carbs, proteins and fats into smaller molecules; absorb smaller molecules into the cells of the body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 3 processes of food we eat |
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Definition
| digestion, absoprtion, elimination |
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Term
| Gastrointestinal (GI) tract |
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Definition
| digestion, absorption, elimination occurs here; series of organs arranged as a long tube; contains stomach and intestines and sphincters |
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Term
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Definition
| muscles that control the passage of materical from one organ to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of breaking down large food molecules to smaller molecules; begins in the mouth |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| covers the opening to the trachea during swallowing |
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Term
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Definition
| food travels from the mouth to the stomach through this |
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Term
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Definition
| muscular contractions moving food through the GI tract |
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Term
| gastroesophageal sphincter |
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Definition
| separates esophagus from stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrochloric acid (HCl), pepsin, gastric lipase and mucus |
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Term
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Definition
| semi-solid product of mechanical and chemical digestion in the stomach; from stomach is slowly released into small intestine through the pyloric sphincter |
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Term
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Definition
| speed up chemical reactions, lower amount of energy needed for action to proceed, acts on specific purpose, release and activation are controlled by nerves and hormones, only released when needed |
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Term
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Definition
| produced by liver and emulsifies fats |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| process of taking molecules across a cell membrane and into cells of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| where 95% of digestion and absorption of nutrients takes place |
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Term
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Definition
| very little digestion takes place here; water and some nutrients are absorbed |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by hydrochloric acid in the esophagus |
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Term
| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) |
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Definition
| painful, persistent heartburn |
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Term
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Definition
| regions of the GI tract that have been eroded by HCL and pepsin |
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Term
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Definition
| complete intolerance for gluten; can damage small intestion; requires diet lacking wheat, rye, barley; may be genetic disease |
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Term
| Irritable bowel syndrom (IBS) |
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Definition
| disorder that interferes with normal colon function; abdominal cramps and bloating; diarrhea or constipation; more common in women than men |
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Term
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Definition
| slows movement of fecal matter; results from ignoring normal urge, antacids, calcium and iron supplements; treatment: plenty of dietary FIBER and fluids, laxatives |
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Term
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Definition
| swollen veins of the rectum and anus; caused by stress and pressure to vessels; treatment: warm compresses and FIBER and fluids |
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Term
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Definition
| can lead to severe dehydration; more dangerous for children and the elderly |
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Term
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Definition
| one of 3 macronutrients; primary energy source; composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; FRUITS AND VEGS |
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Term
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Definition
| most abundant carb; produced by plants through photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| contains 1 or 2 molecules; monosaccharides contain only one molecule; disaccharides contain two molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| long chains of glucose molecules; hundreds to thousands of molecules long; polysaccharides; STARCH, GLYCOGEN, MOST FIBERS |
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Term
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Definition
| found in plants; broken down into glucose; GRAINS, LEGUMES, TUBERS |
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Term
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Definition
| found in animals; stored in liver and muscles; Not found in food so are not a dietary carb |
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Term
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Definition
| non-digestible part of plants; GRAINS, RICE, SEEDS, LEGUMES, FRUITS |
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Term
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Definition
| carb extracted from plants and added to food; CELLULOSE, GUAR GUM, PECTIN, PSYLLIUM |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that begins carb digestion in mouth; breaks carbs down into MALTOSE |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme produced in pancrease and secreted into small intestine; digests carbs down to maltose |
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Term
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Definition
| converted to glycogen by the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| glucose circulating in the blood |
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Term
| enzymes necessary to digest fiber |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| produced by beta cells of pancreas; helps cells take in glucose from blood; stimulates liver to take up glucose and convert to glycogen |
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Term
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Definition
| produced by alpha cells of pancrease; stimulates breakdown of glycogen to glucose; stimulates gluconeogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| food's ability to raise blood glucose levels |
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Term
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Definition
| better for people with diabetes; generall high in fiber; may reduce risk of heart disease and colon cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| may reduce risk of colon cancer; reduce risk of heart disease; enhance weight loss; prevent hemorrhoids, constipation and diverticulosis; most americans eat only HALF of the recommended amounts |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to regulate blood glucose levels; untreated may cause nerve damage, kidney damage, blindness and can be fatal |
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Term
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Definition
| accounts for 10% of all cases; do not produce ENOUGH insulin; causes hyperglycemia; requires insulin injections; may be autoimmune disease |
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Term
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Definition
| most have this type; body cells are insensitive or unresponsive to insulin; EXCESSIVE insulin in often produced; causes hyperglycemia because cells cannot take in the glucose from the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| unclear but genetics, obesity and physical inactivity play a role; treated with diet and exercise, healthy lifestyle choices may prevent or delay onset |
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Term
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Definition
| low blood sugar (glucose) |
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Term
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Definition
| insufficient lactase production causes inability to digest lactose found in dairy products; symptoms include intestinal gas, bloating, nausea, cramping, diarrhea |
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Term
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Definition
| one type of lipid; provide flavor and texture to foods; more energy dense than carbs or proteins; take longer to digest |
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Term
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Definition
| diverse class of molecules that are insoluble in water |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of 3 fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| long chains of carbon atoms surrounded by hydrogen atoms; can differ in legnth, level of saturation and shape |
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Term
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Definition
| 3-carbon alcohol that is the backbone of a triglyceride |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to how many hydrogen atoms surround each carbon |
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Term
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Definition
| pack tightly together and are SOLID at room temp; ANIMAL FATS, BUTTER AND LARD |
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Term
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Definition
| do not stack together well and are LIQUID at room temp; PLANT OILS |
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Term
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Definition
| addition of hydrogen atoms to unsaturated fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acids and phosphate; SOLUBLE in water; not required in our diet because they are created in our bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| lipids containing multiple rings of carbon atoms; not required in our diet bc they are created in our bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| lipoprotein produced by cells lining the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| very energy dense; much of energy used during rest and exercise comes from this |
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Term
| alpha-linoleic acid (omega-3 fatty acid) |
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Definition
| VEGETABLES, FISH AND FISH OILS |
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Term
| linoleic acid (omega-6 fatty acid) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fats knowingly added to foods; BUTTER, CREAM, MAYONNAISE, DRESSINGS |
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Term
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Definition
| fats hidden in foods; naturally occuring or added during processing |
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Term
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Definition
| dysfunction of heart or blood vessels; can result in stroke or heart attack; can result from being overweight, physical inactivity, smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes |
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Term
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Definition
| body cannot make them at all or cannot make them in sufficient amounts to meet physiological needs; MUST BE SUPPLIED BY DIET |
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Term
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Definition
| formed when 2 amino acids are joined together through a condesation reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| support growth and maintenance of body tissues; function as enzymes; maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance; regulation of acid-base balance; serve as antibodies; function as transport proteins; function as hormones; serve as energy source |
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Term
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Definition
| provide amino acids that can be used by all the cells of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| a dietary protein with all of the essential amino acids in similar amounts as our body requires for synthesis of body proteins; ANIMAL FOODS--MEAT, MILK, EGGS |
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Term
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Definition
| dietary protein lacking, or low, in one or more of the essential AA relative to the needs of the human body; PLANT PROTEINS |
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Term
| protein-energy malnutrition |
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Definition
| most common form of malnutrition in the world; strikes often in early childhood |
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Term
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Definition
| severe deficit of both protein and food energy over long period; severe wasting; impairs brain development and learning ability |
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Term
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Definition
| severe protein deficit that provides "adequate" food energy; abdominal swelling |
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Term
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Definition
| substances composed of freely moving molecules; have the ability to conform to shape of container; have an overall NEUTRAL charge due to balances between electrolytes |
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Term
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Definition
| mineral salts dissolved in water: sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus |
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Term
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Definition
| increased by salt and other dissolved substances in our blood; reduction in blood volume; dryness in the mouth and throat |
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Term
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Definition
| lost through urine (most), sweat, exhalation, feces; gained through beverages, food, and metabolic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| abnormally HIGH blood sodium concentration; patients with congestive heart failure or kidney disease; results in high blood volume, edema and high blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormally LOW blood sodium level; result from prolonged vomiting, diarrhea or sweating; marathon runners who consume too much water |
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Term
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Definition
| FRESH FRUIT, VEG, WHOLE GRAINS |
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Term
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Definition
| high blood potassium level; patients with kidney disease; alters normal heart rhythm resulting in heart attack |
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Term
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Definition
| LOW blood potassium levels; patients with kidney diease or diabetic acidosis; when taking certain diuretic medications |
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Term
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Definition
| MEAT, MILK, EGGS, SOFT DRINKS |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals that protect cells from damage from oxidation; vitamins E, C, A, beta-carotene and selenium |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of electrons from a molecule; stable atoms contain an even number of paired electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| gain of electrons by a molecule; |
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Term
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Definition
| atom that has lost an electron and is left with an unpaired electron; high reactive and can cause damage to molecules in the cell; produced by pollution, ultraviolet light, toxic substances, radiation exposure, cigarette smoke, asbestos |
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Term
| diseases related to free radical production |
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Definition
| cancer, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, cataracts, kidney disease, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's |
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Term
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Definition
| VEGETABLE OILS, NUTS, SEEDS, WHEAT GERM, SOYBEANS |
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Term
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Definition
| FRESH FRUITS AND VEGETABLES |
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Term
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Definition
| FRUITS AND VEGETABLES THAT ARE RED, ORANGE, YELLOW AND DEEP GREEN |
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Term
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Definition
| LIVER, EGGS, DARK GREEN, ORANGE AND YELLOW FRUITS AND VEGETABLES |
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Term
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Definition
| ORGAN MEATS, PORK, SEAFOOD, NUTS, WHEAT, RICE |
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Term
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Definition
| compound needed for proper functioning of an enzyme; COPPER, ZINC AND MANGANESE |
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Term
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Definition
| group of related diseases characterized by cells growing out of control; initiation, promotion, progression; increased by tobacco use, sun exposure, nutrition, environment/occupational exposure, low level of physical activity; antioxidants and phytochemicals help reduce risks |
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Term
| cardiovascular disease (CVD) |
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Definition
| leading cause of death; includes heart disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis |
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Term
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Definition
| provides strength to support the body, allows for flexibility, contains 65% minerals providing the hardness of bone, contains 35% organic structures for strenght, durability and flexibility |
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Term
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Definition
| fibrous protein in bone tissue |
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Term
| cortical bone (compact bone) |
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Definition
| very dense tissue making up 80% of skeleton |
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Term
| trabecular bone (spongy bone) |
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Definition
| "scaffolding" on the inside of bones; supports cortical bone and makes up 20% of skeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that erode the surface of bones |
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Term
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Definition
| produce the collagen-containing component of bone |
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Term
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Definition
| most abundant major mineral in body; forms and maintains bones and teeth, assists with acid-base balance, transmission of nerve impulses, assist in muscle contraction; SKIM MILK, LOW-FAT CHEESE, NONFAT YOGURT, GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES |
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Term
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Definition
| most foods contain very little, obtained from FORTIFIED FOODS--MILK, SUN, FORTIFIED SOY PRODUCTS OR SUPPLEMENTS; rickets occurs in children who don't consume enough |
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Term
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Definition
| GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES, VEGETABLE OILS |
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Term
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Definition
| 50-60% found in BONES; GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES, WHOLE GRAINS, SEEDS, NUTS, SEAFOOD, BEANS, SOME DAIRY |
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Term
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Definition
| 99% found in TEETH AND BONES; FLOURIDATED DENTAL PRODUCTS AND FLOURIDATED WATER |
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Term
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Definition
| low bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, fragile bones leading to bone fractures, compaction of bone (decreased height), shortening and hunching of spine; NO CURE |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive breakdown and formation of bone causes bones to enlarge, weaken, deform and fracture |
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Term
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Definition
| required for proper metabolism, do NOT directly provide energy, necessary for obtaining energry from macronutrients, often function as coenzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| protein the accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction; required for all metabolic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| molecule that combines with an enzyme to facilitate enzyme functions; some metabolic reactions require coenzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| especially important for energy metabolism and essential in metabolism; thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin |
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Term
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Definition
| ENRICHED FOODS AND WHOLE GRAINS |
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Term
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Definition
| deficiency of thiamin resulting in muscle wasting and nerve damage |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| riboflavin deficiency; sore throat, swollen mucous membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| MEAT, FISH, POULTRY, ENRICHED BREAD PRODCUTS |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ENRICHED CEREALS, MEAT, FISH, POULTRY, STARCHY VEGETABLES |
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Term
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Definition
| READY-TO-EAT CEREALS, ENRICHED BREAD PRODUCTS |
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Term
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Definition
| ONLY IN ANIMAL-BASED FOODS |
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Term
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Definition
| CHICKEN, BEEF, EGG YOLK, POTATOES, OAT CEREALS, TOMATO PRODUCTS |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Vitamin-like substance; MILK, LIVER, EGGS, PEANUTS |
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Term
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Definition
| Trace mineral; SALTWATER FISH, SHRIMP, IODIZED SALT, MILK, DAIRY PRODUCTS |
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Term
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Definition
| enlarged thyroid from EXCESS IODINE |
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Term
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Definition
| trace mineral; MUSHROOMS, PRUNES, DARK CHOCOLATE, NUTS, WHOLE GRAINS |
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Term
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Definition
| Trace mineral; WHOLE-GRAIN FOODS, BROWN RICE, PINEAPPLE, PINE NUTS, OKRA, SPINACH |
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Term
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Definition
| manganese, chromium, iodine, iron, zinc, copper |
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Term
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Definition
| major mineral required for detoxification of alcohol and drugs by the liver; FOUND IN FEW AMINO ACIDS |
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Term
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Definition
| only fluid tissue in the body; transportation of oxygen and nutrients to cells, removal of wastes from tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| RED BLOOD CELLS for transporting oxygen through body |
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Term
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Definition
| WHITE BLOOD CELLS of the immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| cell fragments that assist in blood clotting |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| trace mineral; MEAT, POULTRY, FISH, CLAMS, OYSTERS, ENRICHED CEREALS AND BREADS |
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Term
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Definition
| found in ANIMAL BASED FOODS and MORE absorable |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| most common cause of poisoning deaths in children; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, confusion |
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Term
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Definition
| most common nutrient deficiency in the world; high risk for infants, young children, preadolescent girls, premenopausal women and pregnant women |
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Term
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Definition
| trace mineral; RED MEATS, SOME SEAFOOD, WHOLE GRAINS, ENRICHED GRAINS AND CEREALS |
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Term
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Definition
| Trace mineral; ORGAN MEATS, SEAFOOD, NUTS, SEEDS, WHOLE GRAIN FOODS |
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Term
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Definition
| result from lack of folate in women who are pregnant or looking to get pregnant; effects embryo in first few weeks; adequate folate is 400 mg daily |
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Term
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Definition
| "without blood;" any condition of low hemoglobin levels |
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Term
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Definition
| appropriate for your age, maintained without constant dieting, acceptable to you, based on family history of body shape and weight, promotes good eating habits and allows for regular physical activity |
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Term
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Definition
| having too little body fat to maintain health; BMI LESS than 19.5 |
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Term
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Definition
| having a moderate amount of excess body fat; BMI 25-29.9 |
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Term
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Definition
| having an excess of body fat that adversely affects health; BMI GREATER THAN 30 |
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Term
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Definition
| body weight exceeding 100% of normal, creating a very high risk for serious health complications |
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Term
| determining if a person's body weight is healthful should include |
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Definition
| determining body mass index (BMI), measuring body composition, assessing the pattern of fat distribution |
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Term
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Definition
| expresses the ratio of a person's weight to the square of their height; below 18.5 or above 30 is BAD |
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Term
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Definition
| measurement of body fat and lean muscle mass; measured by underwater weight, skinfold measurements, bioelectric impedance analysis, near infrared reactance, bod pod |
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Term
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Definition
| measured by waist-to-hip ratio and waist circumference; apple-shaped fat patterning=BAD; pear-shaped=NO RISK |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when energy intake = energy expenditure |
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Term
| basal metabolic rate (BMR) |
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Definition
| energy expended to maintain basal, or resting, functions of the body; decreases with age; more lean tissue increases your BMR |
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Term
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Definition
| basal metabolic rate + thermic effect of food + energy expended in physical activity |
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Term
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Definition
| proposes that a gene causes people to be energetically thrify; people with this gene expend less energy and therefore gain weight |
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Term
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Definition
| proposes that each person's weight stays within a small range (set point) |
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Term
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Definition
| leptin is a hormon produced by fat cells that causes reduced food intake, reduced weight, decreased body fat |
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Term
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Definition
| any muscle movement that increases energy expenditure |
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Term
| leisure time physical activity |
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Definition
| any activity unrelated to a person's occupation; hiking, walking, biking; includes exercise |
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Term
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Definition
| purposeful, planned physical activity |
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Term
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Definition
| state of being created by the interaction between nutrition and physical activity; cardiorespiratory fitness, musculoskeletal fitness, flexibility, body composition |
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Term
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Definition
| U.S. adults admit to no leisure time physical activity at all |
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Term
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Definition
| of all U.S. adults do not do sufficient physical activity |
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Term
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Definition
| of high school students participate in daily physical education |
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Term
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Definition
| meets your personal goals, is fun, includes variety and consistency, appropriately overloads the body, includes a warm-up and cool-down period |
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Term
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Definition
| additional physical demands on the body to improve fitness; too much physical exertion is NOT recommended |
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Term
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Definition
| frequency, intensity, time of activity |
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Term
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Definition
| varies with fitness goals |
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Term
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Definition
| may be based on maximal heart rate |
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Term
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Definition
| whether the total activity time is an accumulation of activites or completed all at once |
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Term
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Definition
| requiring oxygen; builds cardiovascular endurance |
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Term
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Definition
| not requiring oxygen; produces less of an improvement in cardio vascular endurance; primarily develops muscle strenght and bulk by developing lean tissue mass; all-out exertion of muscles for 90 seconds or less--lifting weights, sprinting |
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Term
| adenosine trphosphate (ATP) |
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Definition
| the energy carrying molecule in the body; must be generated continuously since muscles store only enough for 1-3 seconds of activity; fuel for physical activity |
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Term
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Definition
| stores some energy that can be used to make ATP; stores enough energy for 3 to 15 seconds of maximal physical effort |
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Term
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Definition
| primary carb used to generate ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| best sources of vitamins and minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| disordered eating, amenorrhea (no period), osteopororsis |
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Term
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Definition
need for water during exercise far surpasses that for
2 or more liters per hour |
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Term
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Definition
| during physical activity the thirst sensation is... |
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Term
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Definition
| heat stress causes loss of body fluid and then depletion of blood volume |
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Term
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Definition
| frequent complication of heat exhaustion--should not be confused with muscle cramps |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when internal body temp reaches 105 degrees Fahrenheit. Symptoms: nausea, confusion, irritability and coma in severe cases |
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Term
| foods rich in complex carbohydrates |
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Definition
| GRAINS, BREADS, PASTAS, STARCHY VEGETABLES AND LEGUMES |
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Term
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Definition
| substances used to improve exercise and athletic performance; not effective, dangerous, reliable research on these products is hard to find |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that cause birth defects; includes alcohol and illegal drugs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| after 8th week baby is called... |
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Term
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Definition
| continued development of organ systems, growth from 3 inches to over a foot long by the end of trimester |
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Term
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Definition
| time of considerable growth; fetus gains 3/4 of its weight; brain growth is extensive; lungs become fully mature; a balances, adequate diet for the mother is essential during this time |
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Term
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Definition
| any baby born weighing less than 5.5. pounds; increased risk of infections, learning disabilities, impaired physical development and death in 1st year |
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Term
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Definition
| born before 38 weeks and may be low-birth weight babies |
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Term
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Definition
| required by the newborn for temperature regulation and as an energy source; percentage of calories gained from ___ should not change during pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| becomes the brain and spinal cord and required folate in the first 28 days for development |
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Term
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Definition
| fetus will take iron from mother causing |
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Term
| nutrition-related problems during pregnancy |
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Definition
| morning sickness, cravings and aversions, heartburn, constipation and hemorrhoids, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia |
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Term
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Definition
| nausea and vomiting associated with pregnancy; can occur at any time; may begin after 1st missed period and last 12 to 16 weeks; no cure |
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Term
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Definition
| craving a non-food item (ice, clay) |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the sphincter above the stomach relaxes, allowing stomach acid into the esophagus; increased during pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance that increases blood glucose levels during pregnancy; condition resolves after birth occurs; risk of delivering a large baby; may lead to preeclampsia |
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Term
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Definition
| pregnancy-induced hypertension; can be fatal is untreated; only cure is childbirth; manage blood pressure and bed rest |
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Term
| fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) |
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Definition
| variety of characteristis associated with prenatal exposure to high quantities of alcohol; results in malformations of face, limbs and heart and many developmental disabilities |
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Term
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Definition
| production of breast milk |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone responsible for the synthesis of milk; produced toward the end of pregnancy; suppressed by estrogen and progesterone until childbirth |
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Term
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Definition
| first milk produced; rich in proteins, anitbodies, vitamins and minerals |
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Term
| benefits of breast feeding for mother |
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Definition
| high quality nutrition, protection from allergies and infections, suppressing ovulation, opportunity for bonding, convenient and cost efficient |
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Term
| benefits of breast feeding for infant |
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Definition
| emotional bonding, sensory stimulation, tailored to meet nutritional needs of the infant |
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Term
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Definition
| effect tooth and jaw alignment; less likely to be overfed; lower incidence of allergic reactions and infections |
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Term
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Definition
| baby's organs are developing, nervous system continues to develop, typically grow 10 inches in length and TRIPLE their weight |
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Term
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Definition
| World Health Organization (WHO) recommends breastfeeding for at least the... |
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Term
| 4 to 6 months and when they can hold their head up |
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Definition
| breast milk or formula should be supplemented with solid food beginning... |
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Term
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Definition
| corn syrup or honey, goat's milk, cow's milk, large quantities of fruit juice, too much salt or sugar, too much breast milk or formula |
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Term
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Definition
| uncontrollable crying that can last for hours; precise cause is unknown |
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Term
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Definition
infants are born with enough iron for only...
anemia can develop after that time |
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Term
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Definition
| leaving an infant alone with a bottle can lead to cavities and tooth decay; begin using a cup by 8 months and no bottle after 18 months |
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Term
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Definition
| especially toxic to infants since the brain and nervous system are still developing; results in reduced mental capacity, behavioral problems, impaired growth; allow tap water to run a minute before use |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid growth rate of infancy begins to slow; gain 5.5 to 7.5 inches and 9-11 pounds; higer energy expended for increased activity level |
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Term
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Definition
| growth rate continues to slow; will gain 3-4 inches and 5-6 pounds per year |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| BMI in the 95th percentile |
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Term
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Definition
| growth is slow and steady--2 to 3 inches per year; begin to make their own food choices; activity levels vary |
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Term
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Definition
| growth spurts begin at age 10 to 11 for girls and 12 to 13 for boys; average 20-25% increase in height is expected; weight and body composition also change |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased muscle and lean tissue, increased fat mass, decreased bone density, decreased immune function, impaired absorption of nutrients |
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