Term
|
Definition
| a substance that provides nourishment essential for growth and maintenance of life |
|
|
Term
| What are the four macronutrients? |
|
Definition
| Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, water |
|
|
Term
| What are the categories of micronutrients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the functions of nutrients? |
|
Definition
| Provide energy, promote growth and development, regulate body processes |
|
|
Term
| What elements are carbohydrates composed of? |
|
Definition
| Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a simple carbohydrate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a complex carbohydrate (polysaccharide)? |
|
Definition
| Starch (in grains) and glycogen (in animals) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| major form of fat in food, key energy source, and fat storage in body |
|
|
Term
| What are triglycerides made up of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two essential fatty acids? |
|
Definition
| Linoleic acid and alpha-linoleic acid |
|
|
Term
| What are proteins composed of? |
|
Definition
| Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
|
|
Term
| What are some functions of protein? |
|
Definition
| Major part of bone and muscle, component in blood, cell membranes, enzymes, and immune factors |
|
|
Term
| _____ is the macronutrient required in the largest quantity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do we produce water through metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some functions of water? |
|
Definition
| Lubricant, solvent, transportation medium, regulates body temperature |
|
|
Term
| Vitamins enable _____ _____ and provide no usable _____. |
|
Definition
| chemical reactions, energy |
|
|
Term
| Which vitamins are water soluble? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which vitamins are fat soluble? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ soluble vitamins are stored in the body more easily than _____ soluble vitamins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inorganic compounds required for body functions |
|
|
Term
| What are the major minerals? |
|
Definition
| Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and phosphorus |
|
|
Term
| What are the trace minerals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plant foods (vegetables, fruits, whole grains) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| foods of animal origin (fish) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water 1°C |
|
|
Term
| How does our body utilize energy-containing nutrients? |
|
Definition
| Build new compounds, perform muscular movements, promote nerve transmissions, maintain ion balance within cells |
|
|
Term
| What percent of the population group do EARs meet the needs of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of the population group do RDAs meet the needs of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a measure of the nutrient a food provides compared to its energy content |
|
|
Term
| Who are the exceptions to DV standards? |
|
Definition
| Infants, toddlers, pregnant and lactating women |
|
|
Term
| How often should children work out? |
|
Definition
| Every day, 60 minutes, moderate and vigorous |
|
|
Term
| How often should adults work out? |
|
Definition
| Weekly, 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous |
|
|
Term
| How often should older adults work out? |
|
Definition
| Weekly, 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| calories needed to sustain life without activity |
|
|
Term
| The WHO estimates that _____ billion people are overweight or obese |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can lead to malnutrition in the developing world? |
|
Definition
| Seasonal hunger, conflict and war, and environmental disasters |
|
|
Term
| What are some things that are allowed in organic farming? |
|
Definition
| Biological pest management, composting, manure applications, and crop rotations |
|
|
Term
| What are some things that are not allowed in organic farming? |
|
Definition
| Synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, and hormones, antibiotics, sewage sludge, genetic engineering, and irradiation |
|
|
Term
| What are some uses of biotechnology? |
|
Definition
| Pest and weed control, disease prevention in plants, and increased crop yields. |
|
|
Term
| What are some food preservation methods? |
|
Definition
| Pasteurization, sterilization, canning, aseptic processing, refrigeration, freezing, nitrogen packing, food irradiation, and the use of food additives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of breaking down foods into a form the body can use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uptake of nutrients from the GI tract into the blood or lymph |
|
|
Term
| What are the human tissues that are related to digestion? |
|
Definition
| Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous |
|
|
Term
| Peristalsis is the ring of _____ propelling material along the _____ _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Segmentation is the back-and-forth action that... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of this sphincter?: Lower esophageal sphincter |
|
Definition
| Prevent backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of this sphincter?: Pyloric sphincter |
|
Definition
| Control the flow of stomach contents into the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of this sphincter?: Sphincter of Oddi |
|
Definition
| Control the flow of bile from common bile duct into the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of this sphincter?: Ileocecal valve |
|
Definition
| Prevent the contents of the large intestine from reentering the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of this sphincter? Anal sphincters |
|
Definition
| Prevent defecation until person desires to do so |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| viscous material produced by goblet cells; mucus moistens, lubricates, and propels the GI tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein molecules that speed up chemical reactions; enzymes are not changed during reactions, they mediate chemical reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substances formed in the endocrine glands; they enter the blood and affect/control activities of some organs, cells, or tissues |
|
|
Term
| Where does salivary amylase come from, where does it work, and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Salivary glands, mouth, breaks starch into shorter chains of glucose |
|
|
Term
| Where does rennin come from, where does it work, and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Stomach, stomach, causes the milk protein casein to curdle |
|
|
Term
| Where does pepsin come from, where does it work, and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Stomach, stomach, breaks proteins into polypeptides and amino acids |
|
|
Term
| Where does trypsin come from, where does it work, and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Pancreas, small intestine, breaks proteins and polypeptides into shorter polypeptides |
|
|
Term
| Where does chymotripsin come from, where does it work, and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Pancreas, small intestine, breaks proteins and polypeptides into shorter polypeptides |
|
|
Term
| Where does carboxypeptidase come from, where does it work, and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Pancreas, small intestine, breaks polypeptides into amino acids |
|
|
Term
| Where does lipase come from, where does it work, and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Pancreas, small intestine, breaks triglycerides into monoglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol |
|
|
Term
| Where does pancreatic amylase come from, where does it work, and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Pancreas, small intestine, breaks starch into shorter glucose chains and maltose |
|
|
Term
| Where do carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, and dipeptidase come from, where do they work, and what do they do? |
|
Definition
| Small intestine, small intestine, break polypeptides and dipeptides into amino acids |
|
|
Term
| Where does sucrase come from, where does it work, and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Small intestine, small intestine, breaks sucrose into glucose and fructose |
|
|
Term
| Where does lactase come from, where does it work, and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Small intestine, small intestine, breaks lactose into glucose and galactose |
|
|
Term
| Where does maltase come from, where does it work, and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Small intestine, small intestine, breaks maltose into glucose |
|
|
Term
| Where does dextrinase come from, where does it work, and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Small intestine, small intestine, breaks short chains of glucose into individual glucose molecules |
|
|
Term
| Where does gastrin come from and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Stomach mucosa, stimulates secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen by gastric glands in the stomach and increases gastric motility and emptying |
|
|
Term
| Where does somatostatin come from and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Stomach and duodenal mucosa, inhibits the following: stomach secretion, motility, and emptying; pancreatic secretion; absorption in the small intestine; gallbladder contraction; and bile release |
|
|
Term
| Where does secretin come from and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Duodenal mucosa, inhibits gastric secretion and motility; increases output of water and bicarbonate from the pancreas; increases bile output from the liver |
|
|
Term
| Where does cholecystokinin (CCK) come from and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Duodenal mucosa, stimulates contraction of the gallbladder to expel bile; increases output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice |
|
|
Term
| Where does gastric inhibitory peptide come from and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Duodenal mucosa, inhibits gastric secretion and motility |
|
|
Term
| What does saliva turn food into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the epiglottis do? |
|
Definition
| Covers the passageway to the lungs during swallowing |
|
|
Term
| What cells in the nose are stimulated with chewing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Swallowing moves the bolus from the mouth to the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many cups can the stomach hold? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some functions of hydrochloric acid? |
|
Definition
| Inactivates (unfolds) proteins, destroys bacteria and viruses, dissolves minerals to aid in absorption, and converts pepsinogen into pepsin |
|
|
Term
| Which hormone controls the release of HCI and pepsinogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is absorbed in the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is absorbed in the small intestine? |
|
Definition
| Calcium and other minerals, glucose, amino acids, fats, vitamins, water, alcohol, and bile acids |
|
|
Term
| What is absorbed in the large intestine? |
|
Definition
| Sodium, potassium, some fatty acids, vitamin K, biotin, gases, and water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Live bacteria in food and supplements that have health benefits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-digestible carbohydrates in food that promote the growth of bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Carbohydrates are produced by _____ via _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of carbohydrate are starch, glycogen, and fiber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simple sugar building blocks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many sugar building blocks |
|
|
Term
| What reaction links monosaccharides (creates disaccharides)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves adding a water molecule to a bond, causing it to break |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves removing the components of what would make up a water molecule, thus creating a bond |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a storage polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers; the simplest form of starch is amylose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a storage polysaccharide in animals; humans and other vertebrates store glycogen mainly in liver and muscle cells |
|
|
Term
| Are soluble fibers digestible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layers do whole or unrefined grains contain? |
|
Definition
| Bran, germ, and endosperm |
|
|
Term
| What does the liver convert fructose and galactose to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is glucose stored as? |
|
Definition
| Muscle and liver glycogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone that facilitates transfer of glucose from blood into cells, lowers blood glucose |
|
|
Term
| What do digestible carbohydrates do? |
|
Definition
| Provide energy, spare protein, and prevent ketosis |
|
|
Term
| Most lipids in the body are _____ stored in _____ tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some functions of lipids? |
|
Definition
| Contribute to body shape, store and produce energy, insulate the body, protect the body, act as a lubricant for eyes, and give the body essential fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| What are triglycerides made of? |
|
Definition
| Three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 4-7 carbons; remain liquid at colder temperatures (milk) |
|
|
Term
| Medium-chain fatty acids: |
|
Definition
| 8-12 carbons; solidify when chilled but are liquid at room temperature (coconut oil) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 12+ carbons; usually solid at room temperature (beef fat) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of unsaturated fatty acids? |
|
Definition
| Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carbons arranged in rings |
|
|
Term
| Fat is transported as _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some types of lipoproteins? |
|
Definition
| Chylomicrons, VLDLs, LDLs, and HDLs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transport of dietary triglycerides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced by liver, carry triglycerides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| take cholesterol to the cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pick up and recycle or dispose of cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| What are the essential amino acids? |
|
Definition
| Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine |
|
|
Term
| What are the non-essential amino acids? |
|
Definition
| Alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine |
|
|
Term
| What are the branched-chain amino acids? |
|
Definition
| Isoleucine, leucine, and valine |
|
|
Term
| What are some functions of protein? |
|
Definition
| Contributing to vital body structures, maintaining fluid balance, makes up hormones, enzymes, and neurotransmitters, contributes to immune function, transports nutrients, forms glucose, and provides energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| severe protein (with moderate energy) deficit; often accompanied by infections or other diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| severe energy and protein deficit |
|
|
Term
| What is the energy metabolism reaction? |
|
Definition
| Glucose+oxygen→energy+carbon dioxide+water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones |
|
|
Term
| Is cellular respiration an example of catabolism or anabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the synthesis of protein from amino acids an example of catabolism or anabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the capacity to cause change |
|
|
Term
| What is the order in which cells use nutrients for energy? |
|
Definition
1. Glucose
2. Lipids
3. Protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loses electron(s); gains oxygen/loses hydrogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gains electron(s); loses oxygen/gains hydrogen |
|
|
Term
| Which coenzymes are electron transporters? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ATP does cellular respiration produce per one glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four steps in the aerobic cellular respiration of glucose? |
|
Definition
1. Glycolysis
2. Transition reaction
3. Citric Acid Cycle (CAC)
4. Electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
| Where does anaerobic respiration occur? |
|
Definition
| In cells with no mitochondria and in all cells when there is no oxygen |
|
|
Term
| Pyruvate is converted into _____ or _____ during anaerobic respiration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anaerobic harvesting of energy (producing ATP without oxygen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| From fats, by lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| burning of fat for energy; ketone bodies formed by incomplete fatty acid oxidation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in semistarvation or fasting, glucose down so insulin down |
|
|
Term
| How is protein metabolized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is basal metabolism (BMR)? |
|
Definition
| The minimum amount of energy in a fasting state |
|
|
Term
| What is resting metabolism? |
|
Definition
| A non-fasting measurement that is 6% higher than BMR |
|
|
Term
| How can energy intake be estimated? |
|
Definition
| Bomb calorimeter measurements or calculated using known fuel values |
|
|
Term
| What methods can be used to estimate body weight and composition? |
|
Definition
| Weight-for-height tables and BMI |
|
|
Term
| How can body fat content be measured? |
|
Definition
| Air displacement, skinfold thickness, and bioelectrical impedance |
|
|
Term
| If most of your body fat is stored in your upper body, it is called _____ (_____ _____). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If most of your body fat is stored in your lower body, it is called _____ (_____ _____). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is included in professional help for weight control? |
|
Definition
| Drug treatment, very-low-calorie-diets, and gastroplasty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| numerical measurement of your body's ability to consume oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immediately usable energy (lasts 2-4 seconds) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| initial resupply of muscle ATP |
|
|
Term
| What type of glycogen is important in short-term exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of glycogen is important in long-term exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do depletions of glycogen stores in muscles, liver, and both cause? |
|
Definition
Muscles: fatigue
Liver: hypoglycemia
Both: "hitting the wall" |
|
|
Term
| Where is ATP stored, when is it used, and what type of activity is it used in? |
|
Definition
| All tissues, all the time, sprinting (0-3 sec) |
|
|
Term
| Where is phosphocreatine stored, when is it used, and what type of activity is it used in? |
|
Definition
| All tissues, short bursts, shot put and bench press |
|
|
Term
| Where is carbohydrate (anaerobic) stored, when is it used, and what type of activity is it used in? |
|
Definition
| Muscles, high intensity exercise lasting 30 seconds to 2 minutes, 200 meter sprint |
|
|
Term
| Where is carbohydrate (aerobic) stored, when is it used, and what type of activity is it used in? |
|
Definition
| Muscles and liver, exercise lasting 2 minutes to 3 hours or more, jogging and swimming |
|
|
Term
| Where is fat (aerobic) stored, when is it used, and what type of activity is it used in? |
|
Definition
| Muscles and fat cells, exercise lasting more than a few minutes, marathons and day-long hikes |
|
|
Term
| What is the main fuel for prolonged low-intensity exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which amino acids do energy come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance or treatment intended to improve exercise performance directly |
|
|
Term
| What are some useful ergogenic aids? |
|
Definition
| Creatine, sodium bicarbonate, caffeine |
|
|
Term
| What are some ergogenic aids that are possibly useful, but still under study? |
|
Definition
| Glucosamine, branched-chain amino acids, and glutamine |
|
|
Term
| What are some dangerous and/or illegal ergogenic aids? |
|
Definition
| Anabolic steroids, growth hormone, blood doping, and GHB |
|
|
Term
| What percent of our body weight is water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do we have water reserves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About how much of the water in our body is located inside the cells (intracellular)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About how much of the water in our body is located outside the cells (extracellular)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the two main places we find extracellular fluid? |
|
Definition
| Between our cells (interstitial) and in our blood (intravascular) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| salts or minerals that play important roles in our bodies |
|
|
Term
| What are the major cations in intracellular fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major cations in extracellular fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major anions in intracellular fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major anions in extracellular fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the sodium-potassium pump do? |
|
Definition
| Moves 3 sodium and 2 potassium into a cell against their concentration gradients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water moving across membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the salt concentration on the outside of the cell and the inside of the cell are the same |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the salt concentration is higher outside the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the salt concentration is lower outside the cell |
|
|
Term
| Water wants to go where there are _____ salt concentrations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some characteristics of ADH? |
|
Definition
| Made in the pituitary gland, makes its way to the kidneys, increases water retention |
|
|
Term
| What are some functions of water? |
|
Definition
| Maintains blood volume, transports nutrients and oxygen, basis for body fluids, solvent, participates in chemical reactions, regulates temperature, and removes waste |
|
|
Term
| What are the things that cause water need variation? |
|
Definition
| Body size, physical activity, temperature and humidity, and dietary intake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid intake falls short of fluid loss |
|
|
Term
| What is water intoxication called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What factors lead to unsanitary water for people? |
|
Definition
| Natural disasters, inadequate infrastructure, political influences, and lack of sanitation |
|
|
Term
| What are some functions of sodium? |
|
Definition
| Water balance, absorption of nutrients, and muscle and nerve function |
|
|
Term
| What are some functions of potassium? |
|
Definition
| Major intracellular cation, fluid balance, transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, decreases urinary calcium excretion, and decreases blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does hyperkalemia result from an excess dietary intake of potassium? |
|
Definition
| No, it results from impaired kidney function. |
|
|
Term
| What are some functions of chloride? |
|
Definition
| Primary extracellular anion, fluid balance, nerve impulse transmission, component of HCI, immune function, maintenance of acid-base balance |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of blood? |
|
Definition
| Water, electrolytes, proteins, and nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anemia refers to the number of red blood cells being _____ normal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is found in red blood cells. _____ is found in muscles and tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of iron is found in foods? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| percentage of total blood comprised of red blood cells |
|
|
Term
| What are some functions of zinc? |
|
Definition
| Cofactor for >300 enzymes, heme synthesis, DNA and RNA synthesis, reproduction, growth and development, bone formation, immune function, antioxidant system, taste acuity, and stabilizes protein structures |
|
|
Term
| What was vitamin K named after? |
|
Definition
| Koagulation (Danish word for coagulation) |
|
|
Term
| What are some functions of vitamin K? |
|
Definition
| Bone metabolism and activation of blood clotting factors |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main types of bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some characteristics of cortical bone? |
|
Definition
| 75% of skeletal mass and a dense outer shell |
|
|
Term
| What are some characteristics of trabecular bone? |
|
Definition
| Hard, spongy network of rods, plates, and spines, ends of long bones, and inside vertebrae and pelvis |
|
|
Term
| Bone-building cells are _____ and _____. |
|
Definition
| osteoblasts and osteocytes |
|
|
Term
| Bone-resorbing cells are _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce collagen, add minerals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| take up and release bone minerals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| release acid and enzymes to dissolve bone |
|
|
Term
| What are some functions of calcium? |
|
Definition
| Bone mineralization, blood clotting, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and cell metabolism |
|
|
Term
| What are some potential health benefits of calcium? |
|
Definition
| A reduced risk of colon cancer, a reduced risk of kidney stones, and helping with blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| What are some functions of vitamin D? |
|
Definition
| Genetic expression, cell cycle regulation, promotes phosphorus absorption, and reduces the risk of diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and autoimmune diseases |
|
|
Term
| What are some functions of phosphorus? |
|
Definition
| Major component of bones and teeth, main intracellular anion, energy production and storage, genetic material, cell membranes, activation of enzymes, acid/base balance, and may reduce hypertension |
|
|
Term
| What are some functions of magnesium? |
|
Definition
| Bone structure and mineralization, cofactor for >300 enzymes that use ATP, DNA/RNA synthesis, nerve transmission, glucose and insulin metabolism, blood pressure, and reduced risk of gallstones |
|
|
Term
| What are some functions of vitamin E? |
|
Definition
| Prevents cancer, cardiovascular, and other chronic diseases |
|
|
Term
| What are some functions of vitamin C (ascorbic acid)? |
|
Definition
| Electron donor in redox reactions, antioxidant, and immune function |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin C deficiency can cause _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the provitamin A carotenoids? |
|
Definition
| Alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of preformed vitamin A? |
|
Definition
| Retinal, retinol, and retinoic acid |
|
|
Term
| What are some characteristics of a favorable pregnancy outcome? |
|
Definition
| A full-term pregnancy (>37 weeks) and the infant weighing >5.5 pounds, usually 7.5 pounds |
|
|
Term
| What are the prenatal developmental stages? |
|
Definition
| Conception, zygotic, embryonic, and fetal |
|
|
Term
| What are the critical periods of pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| The finite windows of opportunity for cells to develop into a tissue or organ |
|
|
Term
| The zygote, embryo, and fetus get their nutrition from the _____ _____ and the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which trimester do most of the critical periods occur in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nutrients are needed to build new cells? |
|
Definition
| Protein, essential fatty acids, zinc, folate and vitamin B-12, and iron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is lactation promoted and stimulated by? |
|
Definition
| Promoted by prolaction, stimulated by suckling |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of milk? |
|
Definition
| Colostrum, transitional, and mature |
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