Term
| Biggest nutritional problem in the US today? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes a nutrient inorganic? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many kcals/g do carbs have? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many kcals/g do proteins have? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many kcals/g do fats have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 DRI's (Daily Recommended Intake)? |
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Definition
| Estimated Average Requirement, Recommended Daily Allowance, Adequate Intake, Tolerable Upper Intake Level |
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Term
| The DRI's apply to what population of people? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a chronic disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Nutrient Density? |
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Definition
| Nutrient content per k cal |
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Term
| Which government agency regulates food labeling in the US? For supplements? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of fat do we want to avoid entirely? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of fat do we want to limit? |
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Definition
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Term
| When an individual is consuming fewer calories than required, which characteristic of a healthful diet would not be met? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sufficient energy and nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| not too much, not too little |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| different food from different food groups |
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Term
| Define "physically active" |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What protects our stomach from being destroyed by acidity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does HCl activate in the stomach? |
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Definition
| denatures proteins and converts pepsinogen into active pepsin |
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Term
| What compound is secreted during digestions emulsifies fats? |
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Definition
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Term
| What organs make and store bile? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does carb digestion occur? |
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Definition
| in the mouth and small intestine |
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Term
| What enzymes are involved in carb digestion? |
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Definition
| salivary amylase (mouth), pancreatic amylase (small intestine) |
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Term
| intrinsic factor is needed to absorb what nutrient? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cells in the stomach secrete B-12? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which hormone triggers the stomach to release digestive juices? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| HCl, intrinsic factor, pepsinogen, gastrin lipase |
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Term
| List the accessory organs of digestion |
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Definition
| gallbladder, pancreas, liver |
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Term
| Which hormone secreted in the GI tract plays a role in eating behavior and weight regulation? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| process of taking molecules across a cell membrane and into cells of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| large food molecules broken down to smaller molcules |
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Term
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Definition
| undigested portions of food and waste products are removed from the body |
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Term
| what enzyme is secreted in the mouth to break down carbs? |
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Definition
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Term
| what enzyme is secreted by the pancreas, and released into the small intestine to break down carbs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the smallest molecules that make up carbs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the smallest molecules that make up proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of diet causes ketosis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| body produces too much insulin when not eating |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Define moderate alcohol consumption |
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Definition
| 2 drinks/day for men, 1 drink/day for women |
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Term
| Define metabolic tolerance |
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Definition
| liver becomes more efficient in breakdown of alcohol |
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Term
| Define functional tolerance |
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Definition
| show few signs of impairment |
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Term
| What is ADH and what does it do? |
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Definition
| Alcohol Dehydrogenase. Triggers first step in alcohol degradation |
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Term
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Definition
| Hydrogen atoms surround every carbon |
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Term
| Why are trans fats not good for your health? |
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Definition
| They raise LDL cholesterol |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 double bond, lack one H atom |
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Term
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Definition
| More than one double bond |
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Term
| Name two essential fatty acids |
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Definition
| omega 3 (linolenic) and omega 6 (linoleic) |
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Term
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Definition
| (cholecystokinin) stimulates secretion of digestive enzymes in pancreas, stimulates gallbladder contractions, and slows gastric emptying in stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates glucose transporters to help take glucose from the blood across the cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| transports lipid digestion products to intestinal mucousal cell |
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Term
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Definition
| transports dietary fat out of intestinal tracks |
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Term
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Definition
| fatty acid combined with phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol molecule |
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Term
| How can you determine protein requirements? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the starting molecule in the Kreb's cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| what two compounds combine to form citrate? |
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Definition
| oxaloacetate and acetyl co A |
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Term
| what is a limiting amino acid? |
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Definition
| essential amino acid missing/in small supply. protein synthesis can occur |
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Term
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Definition
| protein energy malnutrition from inadequate protein, energy and other nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| protein energy malnutrition, typically in infants denied breast milk |
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Term
| Define sickle cell anemia |
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Definition
| genetic cells that cause ABC to be shaped like crescents and causes cell breakage |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of one amine group from an essential amino acid to a different acid group |
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Term
| Define hydrolysis reaction |
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Definition
| large molecule broken apart with addition of water |
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Term
| Define condensation reaction |
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Definition
| simple units combine to form a larger more complex molecule |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| process of making larger, chemically complex molecules from smaller ones |
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Term
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Definition
| breakdown of larger complex molecules into smaller more basic ones |
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Term
| aerobic environment means that pyruvate will be converted to what molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| in the anaerobic environment, pyruvate will be converted into what molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| can the glycogen released from the muscle raise your blood glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the primary role of B-complex vitamins? |
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Definition
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Term
| chromium is involved in the cellular uptake of which molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| riboflavin deficiency- sore throat, swollen mucous membranes |
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Term
| Which vitamins are a part of TTP? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which vitamins are a part of PLP? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which vitamins are a part of NADP? |
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Definition
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Term
| The function of iodine is to produce what hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pellagra is a deficiency of what nutrient? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the B vitamins are involved in metabolism of fatty acids? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a vitamin-like substance, used in metabolism, cell membranes, and neurotransmission |
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Term
| two common extracellular ion are |
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Definition
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Term
| two common intracellular ions are |
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Definition
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Term
| what function does ADH have? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what function does aldosterone have? |
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Definition
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Term
| what organ secretes aldosterone? |
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Definition
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Term
| chloride is sourced mostly from what food products in their diet? |
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Definition
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Term
| how do we obtain antioxidants? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| where is phosphorous stored? |
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Definition
| ATP, DNA, RNA, cell membranes, lipoproteins |
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Term
| what can enhance the absorption of phosphorous? |
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Definition
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Term
| what populations are most likely to become easily dehydrated? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the major cause of hypertension known? |
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Definition
| primary-unknown, secondary-kidney disease, sleep apnea, alcohol abuse |
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Term
| what antioxidant enzyme removes hydrogen peroxide from the body, with the byproduct of water and oxygen? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do antioxidant vitamins donate to stabilize free radicals? |
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Definition
| electrons or hydrogen molecules |
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Term
| what vitamins could you become deficient in if you had malabsorption of fat? |
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Definition
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Term
| what form of vitamin E is most biologically active? |
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Definition
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Term
| where is most vitamin E found in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| iron absorption can be improved by which water-soluble vitamin? |
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Definition
| vitamin c - fruits and veggies |
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Term
| vitamin c is required for the production of what structural protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| smoking increases the RDA for which water soluble vitamin? |
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Definition
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Term
| what makes beta-carotene more bioavailable? |
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Definition
| heat - red, orange, yellow, deep green veggies |
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Term
| what is the name of the compact bone that makes up the outer surface? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cells that erode surfaces of bones |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what hormone is released when blood calcium levels fall? |
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Definition
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Term
| the thyroid gland releases which hormone when calcium levels rise? |
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Definition
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Term
| what nutrient increases calcium absorption? |
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Definition
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Term
| describe primary role of vitamin K |
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Definition
| blood coagulation and bone metabolism |
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Term
| where is vitamin K produced in the body? |
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Definition
| stored in liver, from green leafy veggies |
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Term
| how can we increase the absorption of dietary magnesium? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| during what time of life does bone loss occur in the greatest amount? |
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Definition
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Term
| what can increase your chances of developing osteoporosis? |
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Definition
| smoking, poor nutrition, physical inactivity |
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Term
| name the cells involved in our immune system |
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Definition
| macrophage and natural killer |
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Term
| if you don't consume enough iron, which blood protein will be affected first? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two storage forms of iron? |
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Definition
| heme iron and non-heme iron |
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Term
| how is zinc transported in the blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the disorders associated with deficiency and toxicity of copper? |
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Definition
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Term
| if you are pregnant, not consuming enough of which nutrient puts your child at risk for neural tube defects? |
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Definition
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Term
| which nutrient deficiency can be masked by a high folate intake? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is pernicious anemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is intrinsic factor? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| anemia from genetic problems |
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Term
| which mineral is part of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase? |
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Definition
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Term
| what cells are a part of the nonspecific (innate) immune system? |
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Definition
| macrophage and natural killer |
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Term
| what do macrophage and natural killer do? |
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Definition
| defend against microbes , airborn particles, venom, ingested toxins |
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Term
| what cells are a part of the specific immune function? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do B cells and T cells do? |
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Definition
| protect against cecognized antigens |
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