Term
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Definition
| can be used during times of sleep, fasting, or exercise |
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Term
| Extra energy as carbohydrates |
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Definition
| stored in limited amounts as liver and muscle glycogen |
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Term
| Extra energy as fat (triglycerides( |
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Definition
| stored in unlimited amounts |
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Term
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Definition
making new glucose from non glucose substrates
glucogenic amino acids
glycerol
maintains blood glucose during sleep, fasting, trauma, and exercise |
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Term
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Definition
| for glucose production can draw on vital tissue proteins (skeletal and heart muscles and organ proteins) |
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Term
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Definition
making fat from nonfat substances such as carbohydrates, amino acids, and alcohol
when consuming excess calories, acetyl CoA unites form fatty acid chains
fatty acids combine with glycerol to form triglycerides
mostly occurs in liver cells |
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Term
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Definition
the body makes the carbon skeleton of nonessential amino acids (NEAA)
amine group comes from transamination
synthesis of NEAA occurs only when the body has enough energy and nitrogen
since essential amino acids cannot be synthesized, they must be consumed |
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Term
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Definition
primary anabolic hormone
increases in the blood after a meal
activates storage enzymes
signals cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
glucagon, epinephrine, and cortisol
triggers the breakdown of stored triglycerides, glycogen, and body protein for energy |
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Term
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Definition
bloodstream enriched with glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids
glucose stored as glycogen
glycogen stores are saturated, remaining glucose is stored as triglycerides
fatty acids are stored as triglycerides mostly in adipose tissues
amino acids are deaminated and carbon skeletons are converted to fatty acids for storage as triglycerides |
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Term
| Metabolic responses to fasting |
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Definition
liver glycogen is utilized
blood glucose released
muscle glycogen reserved for muscle
most cells can switch to using fatty acids
ketones form as acetyl CoA units
glycogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| glucogenic amino acids and glycerol |
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Term
| Metabolic responses to starvation |
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Definition
body shifts to survival mode after 2-3 days
blood glucose is maintained to support brain and red blood cells
decline in activity, body temperature, and resting metabolic rate
fatty acids become the primary fuel
brain cells start to use ketone bodies
muscle protein sacrificed to supply glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| the sum of all chemical and physical processes by which the body breaks down and builds up molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of making larger, chemically complex molecules from smaller ones |
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Term
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Definition
breakdown of larger, complex molecules to smaller, more basic ones
begins with digestion, old cells or tissues are broken down, releases energy |
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Term
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
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Definition
| an organic compound used by cells as a source of energy |
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Term
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Definition
clusters of chemical reactions that occur sequentially and achieve a particular goal, such as the breakdown of glucose for energy
cells use different, yet related, metabolic pathways to release the energy |
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Term
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Definition
| the primary site of chemical energy (ATP) production |
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Term
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Definition
| mediates chemical reactions |
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Term
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Definition
non-protein substances necessary for enzyme activity
provide functional group that either enhance or is necessary for enzyme activity |
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Term
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Definition
| typically minerals required for enzyme activity, may help bind different parts of an enzyme together |
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Term
| when glucose is transported to the liver it is... |
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Definition
-phosphorylated and metabolized for energy or stored as glycogen
-glucose can be phosphorylated and metabolized for energy
-released into circulation for other cells or stored as glycogen (muscle tissue)
-converted to fatty acids and stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue |
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Term
| fructose and galactose are converted to... |
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Definition
| glucose; converted through a series of reactions or channeled into the glycolysis pathway for energy production |
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Term
| glucose oxidation through 3 stages |
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Definition
1) glycolysis
2) tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs Cycle)
3) oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
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Definition
occurs in the cytosol
anaerobic reaction
glucose converts to pyruvate |
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Term
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Definition
the body converts pyruvate to lactate
occurs in cells with few or no mitochondria |
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Term
| oxidative phosphorilation |
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Definition
third and final stage of glucose oxidation
occurs in the electron transport chain
takes place in the inner membrane of mitochondria
series of enzyme-driven reactions
electrons come from NADH and FADH2, generated during glycolysis |
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