Term
| magnesium and hypertension |
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Definition
| seems to protect against hypertension. |
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Term
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Definition
| rarely appears except with diseases. may be associated with alcohol abuse, protein malnutrition, kidney disorders and prolonged vomiting or diarrhea. (may cause hallucinations) |
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Term
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Definition
| usually higher in magnesium, usually residents have lower hypertension rates. |
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Term
| magnesium role in the body |
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Definition
| a cation within the body's cells, active in many enzyme systems. important for bones. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd most abundant mineral in the body. part of the buffer system, bilayer, atp, some proteins contain phosphorus |
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Term
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Definition
| phosphorus accompanies calcium both in the crystals of bone and in many foods such as milk. phosphorus is also important in energy metabolism, DNA/RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| all animal tissues (meat, fish poultry, eggs, milk) |
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Term
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Definition
| the oxidized form of the mineral sulfur, as it exists in food and water. |
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Term
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Definition
| the body receives sulfate from the amino acids methionine and cysteine found in dietary proteins. these help build di-sulfide bridges in proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| all protein containing foods (meats, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, legumes, nuts) |
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Term
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Definition
| milk and milk products, small fish (w/bones), tofu, greens, legumes |
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Term
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Definition
| all whole foods; meats, milks, fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes |
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Term
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Definition
| table salt, soy sauce, moderate amounts in meats, milks eggs, large amounts in processed foods. |
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Term
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Definition
| table salt, soy sauce, moderate amounts in meats, milks, breads, and vegetables; large amounts in processed foods. |
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Term
| most of the body's magnesium can be found in the: |
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Definition
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Term
| t or f, phosphorus assists in the clotting of blood. |
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Definition
| false. However, it does help with energy metabolism, transport of lipids and bone and teeth formation. |
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Term
| calcium absorption is hindered by |
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Definition
|
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Term
| calcium homeostasis depends on: |
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Definition
| vitamin D, calcitonin and parathyroid hormone. |
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Term
| the role of chloride in the stomach is to help |
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Definition
| maintain a strong acidity |
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Term
| the principal cation in extracellular fluids is: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the distinction between the major and trace minerals reflects the |
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Definition
| amounts of their contents in the body. |
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Term
| regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance and acid-base balance depends primarily on the: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the body generates water during the: |
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Definition
| breakdown of energy nutrients. |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid between the cells, usually high in sodium and chloride. makes up a large portion of the extracellular matrix. |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid within the cells usually high in potassium and phosphate. accounts for about 2/3 of the body's water. |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid outside the cells. comprised of the interstitial fluid and plasma. accounts for 1/3 of the body's fluids. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to intake and output of water. |
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Term
| obligatory water excretion |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cells in the kidneys respond to low bp by releasing this enzyme, renin causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium increasing blood pressure and blood volume. |
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Term
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Definition
| water with a high calcium and magnesium content. |
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Term
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Definition
| water with a high sodium or potassium content |
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Term
| ADH or anti-diuretic hormone |
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Definition
| when extracellular fluid becomes too concentrated or when blood volume or blood pressure falls too low ADH is released and the kidneys reabsorb water. |
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Term
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Definition
| a powerful vasoconstrictor protein which raises blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone from the adrenal glands that signals the kidneys to retain more sodium |
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Term
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Definition
| glands adjacent to and just above each kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| the concentration of electrolytes in a volume of solution. meq are a useful measure when considering ions because the number of charges reveals characteristicsa bout the solution that are not evident when the concentration is expressed in terms of weight. |
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Term
| t or f: electrolytes attract water |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of water across a membrane toward the side where the solutes are more concentrated. |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of pressure needed to prevent the movement of water across a membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| the substances dissolved in a solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| a compound that results from the combination of CO2 and water; of particular importance in maintaining the body's acid base balance. |
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Term
| bicarbonate and carbonic acid |
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Definition
| protect the body against changes in acidity by acting as buffers--these substances neutralize acids and bases. |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical compounds in foods that combine with nutrients to form complexes that the body cannot absorb. |
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Term
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Definition
| a high salt intake is also associated with increased calcium excretion, but it's influence on bone loss is less clear. |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone from parathyroid glands that regulates blood calcium by raising it when levels fall too low; aka parathormone |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that regulates blood calcium by lowering it when levels rise too high. |
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Term
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Definition
| hardness or stiffness of the muscles caused by high blood calcium concentrations. |
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Term
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Definition
| intermittent spasms of the extremities due to nervous and muscular excitability caused by low blood calcium concentrations. |
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Term
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Definition
| crystals made of calcium and phosphorus |
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Term
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Definition
| the iron holding part of the hemoglobin and myoglobin proteins. 40% in meat, fish and poultry is bound into heme. other 60% is non-heme. |
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Term
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Definition
| the iron transport protein |
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Term
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Definition
| the oxygen holding protein of the muscle cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the iron storage protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| the oxygen carrying protein of teh red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body. hemoglobin accounts for 80% of the body's iron. |
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Term
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Definition
| peptide released during the digestion of meat, fish and poultry that enhances nonheme iron absorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone produced by the liver that regulates iron balance |
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Term
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Definition
| an iron storage protein primarily made in times of iron overload. |
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Term
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Definition
| severe depletion of iron stores that results in low hemoglobin and small, pale red blood cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of anemia that impairs hemoglobin synthesis |
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Term
| erythrocyte protoporphyrin |
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Definition
| a precursor to hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| measurement of the volume of the red blood cells packed by centrifuge in a given volume of blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| a genetically determined failure to prevent absorption of unneeded dietary iron that is characterized by iron overload and tissue damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition characterized by the deposition of hemosiderin in the liver and other tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| free radical theories, encourage high fiber diets that bind to iron making it less likely to go rouge. |
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Term
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Definition
| iron found in foods as the result of contamination by inorganic iron salts from iron cookware |
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Term
| t or f: bioavailability of iron is highest in meats. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a substance that can grasp the positive ions of a mineral. |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes that contain one or more minerals as part of their structures |
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Term
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Definition
| a sulfur rich protein that avidly binds with and transports such metals as zinc. |
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Term
| enteropancreatic circulation |
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Definition
| the circulatory route from the pancrease to the intestine and back to the pancreas. |
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Term
| mucosal cells in the intestine store excess: |
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Definition
| zinc and metallothionein. |
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Term
| the pancrease uses ___ to make digestive enzymes and secretes them into the intestine. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| protein containing foods, red meats, shellfish, whole grains, fortified cereals. |
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Term
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Definition
| an enlargement of the thyroid gland due to an iodine deficiency, malfunction of the gland or overconsumption of a goitrogen. |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance that enlarges the thyroid gland and causes toxic goiter. these occur naturally in cabbage, kale, brussels sprouts, cauliflower etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| a congenital disease characterized by mental and physical retardation and commonly caused by maternal iodine deficiency during pregnancy. |
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Term
| a heart disease associated with selenium deficiency |
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Definition
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Term
| t or f: selenium is an antioxidant |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a constituent of several enzymes. typical diets in the US do not see deficiency. low coper may contribute to heart disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| seafood, nuts, whole grains, seeds, legumes |
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Term
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Definition
| cofactor for many enzymes. deficiency is rare because it is in everything. toxicity is unlikely to come from diet. miners who ingest manganese dust have brain disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| the stabilized form of a bone and tooth crystal in which fluoride has replaced the hydroxyl groups of hydroxyapatite. |
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Term
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Definition
| discoloration and pitting of tooth enamel caused by excess fluoride during tooth development. *toxicity |
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Term
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Definition
| drinking water, tea, seafood |
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Term
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Definition
| maintains glucose homeostasis by enhancing activity of insulin |
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Term
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Definition
| unrefined foods, liver, brewers yeast, whole grains |
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Term
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Definition
| advertisements claim that they can help you lose fat and build muscle. controversial. |
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Term
| glucose tolerance factors (GTF) |
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Definition
| small organic compounds that enhance insulin's action. some are found in chromium. |
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Term
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Definition
| acts as a working part of several metalloenzymes. deficiency is unknown. toxicity is rare. significant sources are legumes, cereals, nuts. |
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Term
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Definition
| mineral ions such as mercury and lead, so called because they are of relatively high atomic weight. many are poisonous. |
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