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| a fluid in which one or more substances dissolve |
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| used to describe a molecule that has a positive charge at one end and a negative charge at the other |
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| negatively charged particles |
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| an atom or group of atoms that carries an electrical charge |
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| to separate two charged ions |
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| substances that separate in water to form positively and negatively charged ions. In nutrition, this term refers to sodium, potassium, and chloride |
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| chemical reaction that breaks large molecules into smaller ones by adding water |
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| chemical reaction that joins two molecules together. Hydrogen and oxygen are lost from the two molecules to form water. |
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| a measure of the level of acidity or alkalinity of a solution |
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| the fluid located inside cells |
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| the fluid located outside cells. It includes fluid found in the blood, lymph, gastrointestinal tract, spinal column, eyes, joints, and that found between cells and tissues |
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| the portion of the extracellular fluid located in the spaces between cells and tissues |
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| the amount of force exerted by the blood against the artery walls |
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| fluid losses that are not perceived by the senses, such as evaporation of water through the skin and lungs |
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| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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Definition
| a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that increases the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidney and therefore retained in the body |
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Definition
| a condition that results when the output of water exceeds water intake, due to either low water intake or excessive loss |
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Definition
| blood pressure that is consistently elevated to 140/90mmHg or higher |
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| an enzyme produced by the kidneys that aids in the conversion of angiotensin to its active form, angiotensin II |
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Definition
| a compound that causes blood vessel walls to constrict and stimulates the release of the hormone aldosterone |
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Definition
| a hormone that increases sodium re-absorption by the kidney and therefore enhances water retention |
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Term
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Definition
| in nutrition, elements needed by the body in small amounts for structure and to regulate chemical reaction and body processes |
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Definition
| minerals needed in the diet in amounts greater than 100 mg per day or present in the body in amounts greater than .01% of body weight |
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| trace elements / trace minerals |
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Definition
| minerals required in the diet in amounts of 100 mg or less per day or present in the body in amounts of .01% of body weight or less |
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Definition
| a phosphorus-containing storage compound found in seeds and grains that can bind minerals and decrease their absorption |
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| substances found in tea and some grains that can bind certain minerals and decrease their absorption |
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| organic acids found in spinach and other leafy green vegetables that can bind certain minerals and decrease their absorption |
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| an inorganic ion or coenzyme required for enzyme activity |
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| a bone disorder characterized by a reduction in bone mass, increased bone fragility, and an increased risk of fractures |
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Term
| parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Definition
| a hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland that increases blood calcium levels |
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Definition
| a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that reduces blood calcium levels |
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Definition
| the maximum bone density attained at any time in life, usually occurring in young adulthood |
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Definition
| a crystalline compound composd of calcium and phosphorus that is deposited in the protein matrix of bone to give it strength and rigidity |
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Definition
| dense, compact bone that makes up the sturdy outer surface layer of bones |
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| trabecular or spongy bone |
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Definition
| the type of bone that forms the inner spongy lattice that lines the bone marrow cavity and supports the cortical shell |
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Definition
| the process whereby bone is continuously broken down and re-formed to allow for growth and maintenance |
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| cells responsible for the deposition of bone |
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| large cells responsible for bone breakdown |
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| the bone loss that occurs in both cortical and trabecular bone of men and women as they advance in age |
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| the physiological changes that mark the end of a woman's capacity to bear children |
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| the accelerated bone loss that occurs in women for about five years after estrogen production decreases |
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| an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen and transports it through the bloodstream to cells |
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Definition
| a readily absorbed form of iron found in animal products that is chemically associated with proteins such as hemoglobin and myoglobin |
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Definition
| an iron-containing protein in muscle cells that binds oxygen |
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| a poorly absorbed form of iron found in both plant and animal foods that is not part of the iron complex found in hemoglobin and myoglobin |
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Definition
| the major iron storage protein |
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Definition
| an iron transport protein in the blood |
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| protein found in cell membranes that binds to the iron-transferrin complex and allows it to be taken up by cells |
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Definition
| an insoluble iron storage compound that stores iron when the amount of iron in the body exceeds the storage capacity of ferritin |
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Definition
| an iron deficiency disease that occurs when the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is decreased because there is insufficient iron to make hemoglobin |
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Definition
| the compulsive ingestion of nonfood substances such as clay, laundry starch, and paint chips |
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Definition
| an inherited condition that results in increased iron absorption |
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Definition
| refers to protein that bind minerals. One such protein binds zinc and copper in intestinal cells limiting their absorption into the blood |
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Term
| superoxide dismutase (SOD) |
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Definition
| an enzyme that protects the cell from oxidative damage by neutralizing superoxide free radicals. One form of the enzyme requires zinc and copper for activity, and another form requires manganese |
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Definition
| a copper-containing plasma protein that converts iron to the ferric form, which can bind to transferrin for transport in the blood |
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Definition
| proteins that contain selenium as a structural component of their amino acids. Selenium is most often found as selenocysteine, which contains an atom of selenium in place of the sulfur atom |
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Definition
| a selenium-containing enzyme that protects cells from oxidative damage by neutralizing peroxides |
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| a type of heart disease that occurs in areas of China where the soil is very low in selenium. It is believed to be caused by a combination of a viral infection and selenium deficiency |
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| thyroid-stimulating hormone |
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Definition
| a hormone that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland |
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Definition
| an enlargement of the thyroid gland by a deficiency of iodine |
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Definition
| a condition resulting from poor maternal iodine intake during pregnancy that causes stunted growth and poor mental development in offspring |
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Definition
| substances that interfere with the utilization of iodine or the function of the thyroid gland |
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Definition
| a fluoride-containing mineral deposit in the tooth enamel that is resistant to acid |
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Definition
| mottling of the tooth enamel caused by chronic overconsumption of fluoride |
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Definition
| an illness caused by consumption of food containing a toxin or disease-causing microorganism |
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Definition
| an organism capable of causing disease |
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| substances that can cause harm at some level of exposure |
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| the transfer of contaminants from one food to another |
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| a reaction that occurs at a certain level as the dose increases. Below that level there is no reaction. |
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Definition
| a set of recommendations published by the FDA for the handling and service of food sold in restaurants and other establishments that serve food |
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| Hazard Analysi Critical Control Point (HACCP) |
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Definition
| a food safety system that focuses on identifying and preventing hazards that could cause foodborne illness |
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Definition
| possible points in food production, manufacturing, and transportation at which contamination could occur or be prevented |
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| the process of heating food products to kill disease-causing organisms |
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| a pathogenic protein that is the cause of degenerative brain diseases called spongiform encephalopathies |
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| illness produced by the ingestion of food containing microorganisms that can multiply inside the body and cause injurious effects |
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Definition
| illness caused by consuming a food containing a toxin |
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| a dormant state of some bacteria that is resistant to heat but can germinate and produce a new organism wen environmental conditions are favorable |
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Definition
| minute particles not visible under an ordinary microscope that depend on cells for their metabolic and reproductive needs |
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| multicellular fungi that form a filamentous branching growth |
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| organisms that live at the expense of others without contributing to the survival of the host |
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| the maximum amount of pesticide residues that may legally remain in food, set by the EPA |
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| a set of techniques used to manipulate DNA for the purpose of changing the characteristics of an organism or creating a new product |
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| integrated pest management (IPM) |
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Definition
| a method of agricultural pest control that integrates nonchemical and chemical techniques |
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Definition
| food produced without the use of synthetic fertilizers or pesticides, sewage sludge, irradiation, or genetically modified ingredients according to the standards of the USDA's National Organic Program |
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| Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) |
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Definition
| carcinogenic industrial compounds that have found their way into the environment and, subsequently, the food supply. Repeated ingestion causes them to accumulate in biological tissues over time |
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Definition
| a process in which microorganisms metabolize components of a food and therefore change the composition, taste, and storage properties of the food |
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Definition
| substances that can reasonably be expected to become a component of a food during processing. The foods that may contain them and the amounts that may be present are regulated by the FDA |
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Definition
| substances that unexpectedly enter the food supply. They are not regulated by the FDA. |
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| a method that places sterilized food in a sterilized package using a sterile process |
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