Term
| Nutrition is how we ______, _________, ______, and ______ nutrients. |
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Definition
| consume, digest, store, metabolize |
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Term
| What 4 things do nutrients do for us? |
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Definition
1. provide energy
2. promote growth
3. maintain body tissue
4. regulate physiological processes |
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Term
|
Definition
contains carbon in it
Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, vitamins |
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Term
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Definition
no carbon
water and minerals |
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Term
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Definition
Need >100 mg/day (5g in body)
Calcium, sodium, potassium |
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Term
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Definition
need <100 mg/day (<5g in the body)
Iron, zinc, copper |
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Term
| Minerals are easily destroyed by heat/light. True or False? |
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Definition
False
Vitamins are easily destroyed by heat/light, minerals are not. |
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Term
| What are the top essential nutrients in our body? |
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Definition
| Water (62%), protein and fat (16%), minerals and carbs (6%) |
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Term
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Definition
- needed in large quantities
- yield energy
- carbohydrate, fat, protein
Alcohol and water are NOT MACRONUTRIENTS |
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Term
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Definition
- needed in small quantities
- does not yield energy
- vitamins and minerals |
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Term
|
Definition
- stored in body
- not need to be consumed daily/weekly
- high dosage can lead to toxicity
- Vitamins A, D, E, K |
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Term
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Definition
- not stored in the body (normally)
- needed daily or weekly
- B vitamins, Vitamin C, riboflavin, thiamine |
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Term
| What is a unit of energy? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| amount of energy needed to raise temp of 1 kg of water by 1 degree celsius |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Carbohydrates have _ kcal/gram |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What are some nutrition related leading causes of death in the US? |
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Definition
| Heart Disease, Cancer, Stroke, Diabetes |
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Term
| Nutrient-dense diet is a healthy diet. True or False? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Gsatrointestinal (GI) tract |
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Definition
| gateway for converting foods to nutrients |
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Term
| Metabolism converts _______ into _________. |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| psychological desire to eat specific foods, from environmental stimuli - more discriminating |
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Term
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Definition
| physiological process that prompts us to find and eat food - less discriminating |
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Term
| What part of the brain receives signals that prompt us to eat? |
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Definition
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Term
| What in the mouth helps us to eat and digest food? |
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Definition
| salivary amylase begins chemical breakdown of starch |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which esophagus helps to move food to stomach |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Chief cells secrete ______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What's in gastric juice? What does each do? |
|
Definition
HCL: denatures protein, kills bacteria, activates pepsinogen to pepsin
Pepsinogen: converted to pepsin, an enzyme that digests proteins
Intrinsic Factor (IF): absorbs vitamin B12
Gastric Lipase: fat digestion, lipid digestion (small amount) |
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Term
|
Definition
signals stomach to secrete HCL and pepsinogen
stimulates gastric motility |
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Term
| What are the 3 parts of the small intestine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of Bile? Where can it be found in the body? |
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Definition
| Bile (made from the livery) stored in the gallbladder emulsifies fat to aid digestion |
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Term
| What is the function of pancreatic lipase? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of pancreatic amylase? |
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Definition
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Term
Food mixed with stomach acid & enzymes forms a semiliquid mass called _____.
A. Sludge
B. bolus
C. chyme
D residue |
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Definition
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Term
Bile is made in the liver, but where is it stored?
A. Stomach
B. Pancreas
C. Small Intestine
D. Gall Bladder |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 3 different mechanisms of nutrient absorption? |
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Definition
passive diffusion
facilitated diffusion
active transport |
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Term
|
Definition
high concentration to low concentration through permeable cell membrane
FA, water (osmosis) |
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Term
|
Definition
carrier-mediated diffusion; movement of molecules across cell membrane via transport proteins
fructose |
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Term
|
Definition
low to high concentration
uses energy
glucose and amino acids |
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Term
| Hepatic Portal Circulation |
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Definition
delivers nutrients from GI to liver
water soluble nutrients |
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Term
|
Definition
enters bloodstream, through duct by heart
bypasses liver first round
fat soluble nutrients |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
sum of all chemical processes involved in maintaining life
or
rate of heat production |
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Term
|
Definition
| Energy + water + carbon dioxide -> energy in plant foods + oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| energy in foods (CHO, pro, fat) + oxygen -> heat + atp + carbon dioxide + water |
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Term
| Glucose is made into amino acids by _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Amino Acids are turned into Acetyl-CoA by ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Fatty Acids are converted to Acetyl-CoA by ___________________. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
uses energy to build molecules
Glucose -> Glycogen
Amino Acids -> protein |
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Term
|
Definition
breaks molecules down, gives energy
Glycogen -> glucose
Protein -> amino acids |
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Term
| Heartburn is cause by_________________________. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| GERD or gastroesophageal reflux disease |
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Definition
| persistent heartburn - more than 2 times a week |
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Term
|
Definition
area of mucosa is eroded away and underlying tissue exposed to HCL
Causes: helicobactor pylori
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin, ibuprofen) |
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Term
|
Definition
Inability to absorb gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, barley
Genetic |
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Term
|
Definition
frequent passage of loose, watery stools
caused by infection of the GI tract, food intolerances, reactions to medications, stress |
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Term
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Definition
infrequent, hard, small, difficult to pass stool
prevention includes increasing fiber-rich foods and fluids and regular exercise |
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Term
What is the name of the bacteria that plays a key role in the development of most peptic ulcers?
A. Staphylococcus
B. E. Coli
C. Helicobactor Pylori
D. Salmonella |
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Definition
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|
Term
What type of nutrient absorption requires a carrier protein and energy to transport nutrients?
A. Osmosis
B. Facilitated Diffusion
C. Passive Diffusion
D. Active Transport |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 4 CHO functions? |
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Definition
1. provides energy
2. spares protein
3. provides sweetness
4. provides fiber |
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Term
| Name 3 examples of Monosaccharides. |
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Definition
| Glucose, Fructose, Galactose |
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Term
| Name 3 examples of disaccharides. |
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Definition
| lactose, maltose, sucrose |
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Term
| Sucrose is made of _____________ and ____________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Lactose is made from _________ and _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Maltose is made from __________ and _____________. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| takes water and puts it into the disaccharide. |
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Term
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Definition
| Splits apart a disaccharide and creates water |
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Term
List the following from sweetest to least sweet.
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose
Glucose
Fructose |
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Definition
| Fructose > Sucrose > Glucose > Maltose > Lactose |
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Term
|
Definition
3-10 monosaccharaides
indigestible molecular bonds |
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Term
| Name 3 examples of polysaccharides. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
- part of cell wall
- does not dissolve in water
- contributes to bulk of stool
- good source: whole grains, fruits, vegetables
- cellulose, hemicellulose |
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Term
|
Definition
- dissolves in water (gel-forming)
- bacteria metabolize
- gums, pectin
- fruits, berries, oats, beans |
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Term
| What are some health benefits of fiber? |
|
Definition
may promote weight loss
promotes regular bowel movements
lower risk of colon cancer
prevent hemorrhoids |
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Term
|
Definition
| bulging pockets form in colon trying to eliminate small, hard stools |
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|
Term
| What is the needed grams of soluble fiber daily? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some health benefits of soluble fiber? |
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Definition
| lowers cholesterol, delays rise of blood glucose |
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Term
| Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile |
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Definition
In the gallbladder, bile is stored ->
in the small intestine, bile emulsifies fats ->
bile reabsorbed into the blood
-> in the liver, bile is made from cholesterol
in the colon, bile that has been trapped by viscous fibers is lost in feces |
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Term
| What is the Carbohydrate RDA? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Carbohydrate AMDR? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the 3 parts of a whole grain? |
|
Definition
| ednosperm, bran layers, germ |
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Term
| What is Bran layers a good source of? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the germ a good source of? |
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Definition
| vegetable oils and vitamin E |
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Term
| What does the endosperm contain? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is table sugar?
A. lactose
B. sucrose
C. glucose
D. fructose |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
not enough lactase in the SI to digest lactose
diarrhea, bloating, intestinal gas |
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Term
| What is the pathway for Glucose? |
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Definition
Used for energy in liver
passed into blood for other cells to use for energy
store in liver & muscles as glycogen
excess -> synthesize fatty acids |
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Term
| What two things help regulate blood glucose? What does each do? |
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Definition
Insulin: secreted by pancreas and stimulates glucose transport into cell
Glucagon: secreted by pancreas, stimulates glycogen breakdown, glucose secreted into bloodstream |
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Term
|
Definition
making glucose from nonglucose substrates
glucagon initiated, when CHO intake is low
Take glucogenic amino acids from proteins and glyceral from triglycerides to make glucose |
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Term
|
Definition
making fat from nonfat substances
if excess calories are consumed, Carbs can be converted to fatty acids
mostly in liver |
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Term
| Diabetes is the inability to regulate _________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Diabetes is the inability to regulate _________________. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
• Juvenile-onset diabetes (get it when you small)
• Autoimmune disease affecting beta cells of pancreas
• Insulin injections
• 5-10% of total diabetes in US
• Symptoms: irritability, unusual weight loss, extreme hunger. Etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
• Adult-onset
• 95% of cases in US
• Resistance or low response to insulin
• Diet, exercise, oral meds can help control
• Can lead to damage to blood vessels |
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Term
|
Definition
• Low blood sugar (glucose)
• Shakiness, sweating, anxiety
• Reactive: pancreas secretes too much insulin after high-carb meal |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name all of the parts that a food goes through into your body? |
|
Definition
1. Salivary amylase
2. Pancreatic amylase
3. SI enzymes
4. Enterocyte to circulation
5. To liver – made into glucose
6. Glucose -> cell -> glycolysis -> pyruvate to acetyl-CoA -> ETC -> energy
7. Excess glucose stored as glycogen |
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|
Term
Lactose intolerance is caused by:
A. excess production of the enzyme lactase
B. allergic rxn to proteins found in milk and milk products
C. inadequate production of the enzyme lactase
D. the inability to produce the hormone insulin |
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Definition
| C. inadequate production of the enzyme lactase |
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|
Term
Which of the following statements about Type 1 diabetes is correct:
A. the disease occurs when cells are no longer sensitive to insulin
B. obesity is a major risk factor for developing this disease
C. the immune system destroys the pancreatic cells that produce insulin
D. Type 1 is the most common type of diabetes |
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Definition
| C. the immune system destroys the pancreatic cells that produce insulin |
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Term
| Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids. True or False |
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Definition
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Term
| Protein is the only macronutrient to NOT contain the element nitrogen. True or False? |
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Definition
| False, Protein is the only macronutrient to contain the element nitrogen. |
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Term
| Formation of a dipeptide is done through condensation reaction. True or False? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The amino acid sequence determines the _______ of the poly peptide chain. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the function of Heme, the nonprotein portion of hemoglobin? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Change in primary structure of ________ affects the shape of red blood cells. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Causes a protein to lose its function |
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|
Term
| How does transamination work? |
|
Definition
| Amine group is transferred to a different acid group and R group |
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Term
| What are the functions of protein? |
|
Definition
• Cell growth, repair, and maintenance & body structure
• Enzymes and hormones
• Fluid balance
• Maintain pH balance
• Immunity
• Transport of nutrients
• Energy source when needed |
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|
Term
| Insulin is made of 55 amino acids. True or false? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rapid, severe allergic reaction |
|
|
Term
| How are food allergies triggered? |
|
Definition
| When a protein from the diet is absorbed w/o being completely digested |
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|
Term
Nonessential amino acids are synthesized via what process?
A. transcription
B. translation
C. transamination
D. transamerican
E. mutual supplementation |
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Definition
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|
Term
Protein contains which of the following elements?
A. Carbon
B. Nitrogen
C. Oxygen
D. Hydrogen
E. All of the above |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is needed for new protein synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 functions of an amino acid pool? |
|
Definition
• Energy production
• synthesis of glucose or fatty acids
• synthesis of nonprotein molecules that contain nitrogen |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cells use genes to make proteins |
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|
Term
| What determines the shape and function of the protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a measure of how efficiently a protein in the diet can be used to make body proteins |
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Term
| What are some examples of complete proteins? |
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Definition
lean meats
low fat or fat free dairy
soy products |
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Term
| What are complementary proteins? |
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Definition
| when 2 or more dietary proteins are combined to compensate for deficiencies |
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Term
| What is the RDA and AMDR for protein? |
|
Definition
RDA: 0.8g of protein/kg body weight/day
AMDR: 10-35% of Calories from protein
Average US intake: 90 grams of protein/day |
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|
Term
| What is the athletes requirement for protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is nitrogen balance? |
|
Definition
| nitrogen intake = nitrogen output |
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|
Term
| What is negative nitrogen balance? |
|
Definition
| nitrogen intake < nitrogen output |
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|
Term
| positive nitrogen balance |
|
Definition
| nitrogen intake > nitrogen output |
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Term
| What is Protein-energy malnutrition? And what are the 2 forms of it? |
|
Definition
a disorder caused by inadequate intake of protein and energy
Kwashiorkor and Marasmus |
|
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Term
|
Definition
disease resulting from extremely low protein intake
some weight loss and muscle wasting
distention of the belly
retarded growth and development |
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Term
|
Definition
disease resulting from severely inadequate intakes of protein, energy, and other nutrients
severe wasting of muscle tissue
stunted physical growth
stunted brain development
anemia |
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|
Term
| What are some effects of excessive protein intake? |
|
Definition
high cholesterol
increase risk of kidney disease
dehydration |
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Term
|
Definition
| Three fatty acid molecules, only glycerol molecule |
|
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Term
|
Definition
short chain-fewer than 6 carbons
medium-6-12 carbons
long chain- 14 or more carbons |
|
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Term
|
Definition
saturated:bad, raises cholesterol, butter,whole milk, cheese,etc
monosaturated:neutral, olive oil, canola oil
polysaturated:good, vegetable oils,fish oils,cottonseed |
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Term
|
Definition
provide energy
energy storage
padding(protection) and insulation
component of the membrane
synthesizes compounds
absorption and transport of fat soluble vitamins
satiety
flavor and mouthfeel |
|
|
Term
| What are the major lipids |
|
Definition
triglycerides(TG)(Fats)
Phospholipids
sterols |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AMDR 20-35%
less than 10% from saturated and less than 1% for trans fat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphorous containing molecule
properties:hydrophobic and hydrophillic
function: helps with fat absorption, transport dietary fats in circulation, part of cell membrane
non-essential because liver can make phospholipids |
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Term
|
Definition
rings of carbon, found in food and made in body,cholesterol is most common
cholesterol functions:hormones, vitamin D, cell membrane structure,bile salt precursor; bile salts make bile |
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Term
|
Definition
not much in mouth, stomach gastric lipase, but not much
small intestine:CCK stimulates bile and pancreatic lipase, lipases break the TG into monoacylgyceride and two free fatty acids |
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Term
|
Definition
fatty acids don't mix well with water, bile =emulsifier
micelles formed-transports lipids digested products into enterocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
| transports lipids and cholesterol in blood |
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