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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Burn food inside water to see how much water temperature is raised. |
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Term
| What are 4 examples of how to get energy in? |
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Definition
Carbohydrate
Protein
Fat
Alcohol |
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Term
| What are 4 ways to get Energy out? |
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Definition
1. BMR - Basal Metabolic Rate
2. PA - Physical Activity
3. TEF - Termic effect of food
4. NEAT - Nonexercise activity thermogenesis |
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Term
| What is BMR - Basal Metabolic Rate? |
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Definition
energy required to maintain basal (rest) functions of the body
Involuntary Activites: respiration, circulation, body temp, new cells/hormones, nerve signals, fluid balance
60-70% of TEE |
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Term
| What are determinants of BMR? |
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Definition
LBM - Lean Body Mass
age
gender
growth
healing |
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Term
| How do you change your BMR? |
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Definition
Increase: building or maintain LBM
Decrease: energy restricted diets |
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Term
| What is TEF? (Thermic Effect of Food) |
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Definition
energy used in food digestion, absorption, transport and storage of nutrients
5-10% of TEE
higher for carbs and protein than for fat |
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Term
| What percentage of TEE is PA? (Physical Activity) |
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Definition
20-35% of TEE
couch potato: 10%
athlete in training: 50% |
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Term
| What are the effects of more Physical Activity? |
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Definition
More energy expenditure during and after exercise.
higher LBM = higher BMR |
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Term
| What is INDRECT calorimetry? |
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Definition
based on the energy metabolism equation:
Macronutrients + O2 -> ATP + CO2 + H2O + heat |
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Term
Energy Balance:
Energy In = Energy Out
Calories in Food = ___ + ___ + __ + ____ |
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Definition
| Calories in Food = BMR + TEF + PA + NEAT |
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Term
| What range of BMI does disease risk increase? |
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Definition
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| What does BMI NOT take into account? |
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Definition
| Muscle mass and bone size. |
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Term
| What are some ways to measure LBM and Fat Mass? |
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Definition
fat folds
underwater weighing
bod pod
etc. |
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Term
| Abdominal fat increases the risk of ________ _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the waist-to-hip ratio of men and women? Waist circumference? |
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Definition
Men > 0.90 waist: > 40 in.
Women > 0.80 waist: > 35 in. |
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| Where is extra fat stored? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the percentage of Americans overweight or obese? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 things and how much do they contribute to body fat? |
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Definition
Nongenetic factors = 75%
Genetic heritage = 25% |
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Term
| What is the thrifty gene theory? |
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Definition
| Genes conserve energy and expend less energy. Useful when starvation was a problem. |
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Term
| What is Set-point Theory? |
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Definition
Body will try to maintain a set body weight
High energy intake = higher BMR and higher TEF (fidgeting)
Low Energy Intake = lower BMR |
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Term
| What is leptin deficiency? What does it cause? |
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Definition
This is genetic where child is born with a normal weight, but obesity begins in infancy.
Body fat = 57% when normal is 20%
Leptin produced to prevent overeating |
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Term
| What are 2 environment things that can cause obesity? |
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Definition
Overeating: fast-food, eat meals outside of home = larger servings
Physical inactivity: TV, video games |
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Term
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Definition
eat small portions
choose lower energy density foods
consume enough water
minimize empty calories |
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Term
| Ghrelin and NPY stimulate more or less food intake? |
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Definition
Ghrelin is from t he gut
NPY is from the hypothalamus
Both stimulate more food intake |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary energy that we burn, made from glucose, fatty acids, amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| adenosine+3 phosphate groups |
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Term
| how does glucose enter the cell? |
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Definition
| facilitated active transport |
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Term
| How is glucose metabolized, then formed acetyl-CoA |
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Definition
| Carbs->glucose->pyruvate(forms cytoplasm)->acetyl-CoA |
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Term
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Definition
| only 3 carbons, so glucose forms 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate, also NADH(reduced form) |
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Term
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Definition
| pyruvate will be converted to Acetyl CoA, two carbons form CO2(side product), while the others form acetyl Coa, also form more NADH |
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Term
| TCA(tribiocylic acid) Cycle |
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Definition
| produces CO2, GTP(ATP), NADH+FADH, cycle after CoA formed |
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Term
| Oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| electron transport chain generates oxidized NAD&FAD, ATP(lots),Water. NADH gets oxidized where it loses electrons |
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Term
| how are fatty accids metabolized |
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Definition
| triglyceride-> breaks down to glycerol+fatty acids though lipolysis->pyruvate or B-oxidation-> acetyl Coa-> TCA cycle |
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Term
| why do fatty acids provide more calories per gram than glucose |
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Definition
| fatty acids have more carbon, can yield more acetyl CoA |
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Term
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Definition
| if not enough carbs, body forms acetoacetate(ketone bodies), backup plan if you are starving |
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Term
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Definition
| used for energy when there is deficiency, converted back to acetyl coa, but it is slow because lack of oxalocetate from low glucose. ketones spare protein, brain can run on energy from ketones. ketones lost in urine and breath. Inefficient use of energy, compared to acetyl Coa produced from beta oxidation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How do feeding and fasting affect metabolism? |
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Definition
fed state-amino acids+glucose-> excess energy is stored/converted as fat
fasting short-term(between meals and overnight)-liver glycogen maintains blood glucose levels for energy, gluconeogensis to maintain glucose levels for blood and brain, FA for energy.
Prolonged fast(2+)-more fatigued, BMR goes down, rely on fatty acids that form ketones instead because no glucose, gluconeiogensis made from protein |
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| What is the daily required intake for water for men? |
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Definition
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| What's the DRI for water for women? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the general guideline for the amount of water to drink per day? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 extracellular electrolytes? |
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Definition
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| What is an example of an intracellular electrolyte? |
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Definition
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| What is the function of electrolytes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
retinoids
-retinol is vitamin A
-retinal used for visual cycle,95% of retinol
-retinoic acid other body functions,5% of retinol |
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Term
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Definition
| deficient vitamin A causes this |
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Term
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Definition
| reproduction, nervous system, epithelia(skin), immune function |
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Definition
| retinoid for eyes, needed to be able to see light. most of retinol is converted to retinal. |
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Term
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Definition
RDA: 0.3-1.3 mg
UL: 100fold>RDA in adults, 20 fold for children, 10 fold for chronic intake |
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Term
| vitamin storage, retinol processing |
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Definition
| retinol is split into retinoic acid and stored in liver |
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Term
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Definition
| chloecalciferol-no need for vitamin D if adequate exposure to sunlight |
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| Vitamin A effect on testes |
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Definition
| makes you sterile and you can't remember things |
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Definition
| cured with reinoid, but when taken during pregnancy causes birth defects |
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Definition
| skin disease, can be treated with retinoids |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Vitamin B1, coenzyme for CHO metabolism, energy production and nerve function |
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| Food sources for thiamin? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| vitabin B2, sensitive to light, coenzyme involved in providing energy from CHO,fat and protein |
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Term
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Definition
| milk,meats, enriched grains |
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Definition
| thiamin deficiency, fatigue and nerve damage |
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Definition
| vitamin B3 coenzyme involved in providing energy from fat and protein |
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Term
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Definition
| niacin deficiency, dermatitismdiarrhea, dementia |
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Definition
| meat,fish,poultry,enriched grains |
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Definition
| essential for gluconeogensism ATP production and neurotransmitter synthesis |
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Definition
| chicken, fish(tuna), whole grains |
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Definition
| coenzyme required for ATP production from fat, protein, CHO |
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Definition
| coenzyme in metabolism and in converting fats+glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| small organize molecule that is necessary to activate many types of enzymes |
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Term
| What are the main functions of water soluble vitamins? |
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Definition
| coenzymes that help metabolize fat, protin, and CHO into energy |
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Term
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Definition
| enriched grains, leafy green veggies, legumes, supplements |
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Term
| good sources of vitamin B12 |
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Definition
| dairy products, eggs,meats, poultry |
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Term
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Definition
| vitamin used for DNA synthesis and red blood cell synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| macrocytic anemia-cells unable to divide and abnormally large cells |
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Definition
blood clotting
blood vessel repair
bone density
preventing soft-tissue calcification |
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Term
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Definition
produces CO2,ATP,NADH+FADH
oxaloacetate+acetyl CoA form citrate to start the cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| pyruvate modified to produce Acetyl CoA, NADH+H+, CO2 |
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Definition
| produces lots of ATP, oxidized NAD&FAD, Water |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| separation of TG into FA+glycerol |
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Definition
| turned into pyruvate then acetyl CoA->TCA |
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Definition
| converts FA to acetyl Coa |
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Term
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Definition
| produced from TCA cycle , and is needed to continue the TCA cycle. NEED CARBS, IF NO CARBS AVAILABLE THEN KETONE BODIES FORM |
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Term
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Definition
| provide electrons to the ETC, NADH gets oxidized, loses hydrogen, to help ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| increases CVD risk factor, increases with low intake of B12, folate or B6 |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| antioxidant, products WBC from oxidation, enhances immune function, protext lung cells from oxidation, protects LDL from oxidation, regenerates vitamin E |
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Term
| vitamin c addition function |
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Definition
| assists in synthesis of collagen, enhances iron absoprtion |
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Term
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Definition
scurvy: bleeding gums
weakened blood vessels
-pinpoint hemorrhages
-bruising
bone and joint aches
bone fractures
poor wound healing |
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Term
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Definition
| needs folate for formation |
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Term
| where is calcium absorbed? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| vitamin D is converted to this , hormone that induces intestine to absorb Ca |
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Term
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Definition
rickets-softening of bones in children, osteomalacia-normal structure, not enough calcium
osteoporosis-old age, both low |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
essential for activating proteins required for:
blood clotting
blood vessel repair
bone density
preventing soft-tissue calcification |
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Term
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Definition
most potent fat soluble antioxidant
protects polyunsaturted FA from oxidative damage
protects membranes and LDL from oxidative damage |
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Definition
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Definition
| major protein in connective tissue, need vitamin C as a coenzyme |
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Definition
| antidiuretic hormone, signals kidneys to reabsorb water to reprosuce |
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Term
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Definition
| water intoxication(too much water) |
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Term
| renin-angiotensin II-aldosterone system |
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Definition
| reabsorb Na and CL and water in reponse to deacreased BV |
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Term
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Definition
| b12 deficieny, parietal cells that produce IF are destroyed |
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