Term
| What are the B-complex vitamins? |
|
Definition
| Thiamin, roboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B12 |
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|
Term
| What minerals are involved in energy metabolism? |
|
Definition
| iodine, chromium, manganese, sulfur |
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|
Term
| What is the role of thiamin in energy metabolism? |
|
Definition
| coenzyme in metabolism of CHO and branched amino acids, ATP production |
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Term
| Beri-beri is a deficiency of what vitamin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of Beri-beri is related to alcoholism? |
|
Definition
cerebral. wernicke korsakoff syndrome.
alcohol displaces food in the diet and impairs thiamin absorption as well as promotes thiamin excretion. |
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Term
| Raw fish, coffee, tea, berries, brussel sprouts, and cabbage all have anti- what factors? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are good sources of dietary thiamin? |
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Definition
| Whole grains, enriched foods, and pork products. |
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Term
| What gland is responsible for regulating and phosphorylating riboflavin to its active form? |
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Definition
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Term
| Whole roles does riboflavin have in the body? |
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Definition
| redox reactions to provide energy, converts vitamin A and folate to active forms, converts tryptophan to niacin, FAD and FMN (riboflavn coenzymes) help to convert vitamin B6 to functional coenzyme |
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Term
| Deficiency of riboflavin is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the symptoms of ariboflavinosis? |
|
Definition
| weakness, cheilosis (sores on outside and corners of lips), stomatitis (swollen tongue), glossitis (inflamed tongue), anemia and confusion |
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|
Term
| What viatmin is light sensitive and must be kept in opaque cartons? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What are good dietary sources of riboflavin? |
|
Definition
Enriched breads, cereals, pasta, grains
Milk and milk products
Some veggies
Eggs
Meats |
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|
Term
| What are the two forms of niacin? |
|
Definition
| Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide |
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Term
| Tryptophan is the dietary precursor to what vitamin? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What vitamin's deficiency is refered to as pellagra? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The "Three D's" of pellagra are what? |
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Definition
| dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia |
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Term
| Who are at risk for niacin deficiency? |
|
Definition
| The poorly nourished living in urban slums, alcoholics |
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|
Term
| What is niacin's major role in energy metabolism? |
|
Definition
| NAD and NADP are converted to NAD+ and NADP+ in iver kidney, blood and brain |
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|
Term
| Niacin lowers HDL cholesterol and increases LDL cholestero. |
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Definition
| False. HDL is increases and LDL is decreased |
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Term
| 60 mg of tryptophan is equal to how much niacin? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Animal sources of niacin are more bioavailable tha plant sources of niacin. |
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Definition
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Term
| Niacin flush is related to niacin toxicity of how much over the DRI? What happens in niacin flush? |
|
Definition
2x-3x the DRI of niacin
niacin flush is dilation of capillaries in the skin that can cause tingling which can be painful |
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Term
| Nicotinic acid toxicity is for how much in a day? |
|
Definition
1 gm/day
Associated with skin inflammation, itchiness, flushing, heart burn, nausea, incr plasma glucose and liver damage |
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Term
| High doses of nicotinic acid are acceptable in the treatment of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the forms vitamin B6? |
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Definition
| pyridoxine (in plant foods), pyridoxal (in animal foods) and pyridoxamine (animal foods) |
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|
Term
| What are the functions of vitamin B6 in the body? |
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Definition
| Transamination of nonessential amino acids, gluconeogenesis, tryptophan to niacin, neurotransmitter synthesis |
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Term
| Microcytic hypochromic anemia is a deifiency in what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the physiological ramifications of microcytic hypochromic anemia? |
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Definition
| Lack of heme production and therefore a low hemoglobin concentration in the blood. Decreased oxygen availability that interferes with aerobic ATP production |
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Term
| Microcytic hypochromic anemia is associated with an increased rick of what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the dietary sources of vitamin B6? |
|
Definition
Meats, poultry fish.
potatoes, leafy greens.
some fruits.
legumes.
peanut butter. |
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|
Term
One risks vitamin B6 toxicity with what?
What is the UL for vitamin B6? |
|
Definition
excess supplement use can cause toxicity.
the UL for vitamin B6 is 100 mg or 0.1 gm |
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Term
| Women tend to take vitamin B6 supplements to cure what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Folate is important for women why? |
|
Definition
| avoid neural tube defects in fetuses |
|
|
Term
| What is folates role within the body? |
|
Definition
Conversion of homocysteine to methionine
help to synthesize DNA
*normal growth and development |
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|
Term
| Folate is activated by what other vitamin? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The conversion of homocysteine to methionine requires what two vitamins? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Macrocytic anemia is related to a deficiency in what vitamin?
What are the physiological ramifications of this anemia? |
|
Definition
Folate.
RBC remain immature, large and contain organelles |
|
|
Term
| What is the UL for folate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is folate toxicity an important concern? |
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Definition
| it can mask vitamin B12 deficiency |
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|
Term
| What are the roles of vitamin B12 in the body? |
|
Definition
| catabolism of AAs and FAs for ATP production, conversion of homocysteine to methionine, activates folate |
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Term
| Vitamin B12 absoption requires what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How is vitamin B12 deficiency treated when related to inability to produce intrinsic factor? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Pernicious anemia is a deficiency related to what vitamin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B12 comes from what sources only? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What affects biotin absorption? |
|
Definition
| avidin in raw egg whites. the protein is destroyed when heated |
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|
Term
| Pantothenic acid is important to ATP production why? |
|
Definition
| It is an essential part of converting pyruvate to acetyl CoA |
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|
Term
| Deficiency in pantothenic acid is refered to as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two different iodine deficiencies and what differentiates them? |
|
Definition
A goiter which is the enlargement of the thyroid in an attempt to capture more iodine.
Cretinism is mental retardation from iodine deficiency during embryonic development |
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|
Term
| What is chromium's role in the body? |
|
Definition
| It assists in transporting glusoce into the cell |
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|
Term
| Deficiency in vitamin C is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is scurvy associcated with physiologically? |
|
Definition
| breakdown of collagen, growth cessation, internal bleeding, bleedign gums, weakness, increased infection |
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|
Term
What are the antioxidant functions of vitamin C?
|
|
Definition
| protects LDL from oxidation, enhances immune function, reduces formation of nitrosamines, regenerates vitamin E, enhances iron absorption |
|
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Term
| How does vitamin C enhance iron absorption? |
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Definition
| It protects iron from oxidation in the liver and therefore increases absorption |
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|
Term
| What is the DRI for vitamin C? |
|
Definition
men = 90 mg/day
women = 75 mg/day |
|
|
Term
| Smoking tobacco increases the need for what vitamin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the UL for vitamin C? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deficiency in vitamin E is called what? Who is at risk? |
|
Definition
hemolytic anemia.
premature infants are at risk because maternal vitamin transfer occurs in the last week of pregnancy. |
|
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Term
| What are the forms of vitamin A? |
|
Definition
Retinoids which is split into: retinol, retinal, retioc acid
Caroteniods which are from plants and are: provitamin beta-carotene, and nonprovitamin A phytochemicals |
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Term
| Beta-carotene is split in the what and the what to form retinol? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin A is stored in the liver in which form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of vitamin A within the body? |
|
Definition
| vision, cell differentiation, building strong bones, maintaining healthy immune system |
|
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Term
| Cis-retinal must be converted back to trans-retinal before it can recombine with opsin to form rhodopsin. |
|
Definition
| False. Trans-retinal must be coverted back to cis-retinal |
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|
Term
| Rhodopsin is made out of what two molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Night blidness is caused from what? |
|
Definition
| inadequates amounts of retinal to reform rhodopsin |
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Term
| Beta-carotene is associated with reduced rate in cancer in both the dietary and supplemental form. |
|
Definition
| False. Supplementation of beta-carotene is not associated with lower risk of cancer, but dietary beta-carotene is. |
|
|
Term
| Why should smokers avoid beta-carotene supplements? |
|
Definition
| it is associated with increased cancer risk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| biotechnology in an attempt to fortify with vitamin A an counteract VADD |
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|
Term
| Selenium acts as an antioxidant and spares what vitamin? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormally high blood sodium concentration. |
|
|
Term
| What are the AI and the UL for sodium? |
|
Definition
AI = <1500 mg/day
UL = <2300 mg/day |
|
|
Term
| Sodium raises blood pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Potassium lowers blood pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the AI of potassium? The UL? |
|
Definition
AI = 4700 mg/day
No UL established |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Processed foods are usually high in what and low in what? |
|
Definition
| High in sodium and low in potassium |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Angiotensis II does what to blood pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| aldosterone signals what organ to do what? |
|
Definition
| signals the kidneys to retain Na and Cl, retaining what |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water and reduce urine |
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|
Term
| Vitamin K can be synthesized where? |
|
Definition
| by bacteria in the large intestine |
|
|
Term
| Who is at risk for vitamin K deficiency? |
|
Definition
| people with diseases that cause lipid malabsorption, infants, those on prolonged antibiotic use |
|
|
Term
| Why are infants at rick for vitamin K deficiency? |
|
Definition
| they are born with a sterile colon and therefor no way to synthesize it |
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Term
| What are the functions of flouride in the body? |
|
Definition
| Part of bone and teeth matrix, stimulates maturation of osteoblasts |
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|
Term
| Too much flouride can cause what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Not enough flouride can cause what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Zinc deficiency can cause what? |
|
Definition
| stunted growth of dwarfism |
|
|
Term
| What is the genetic condition that causes zinc malabsorption and deficiency? |
|
Definition
| Acrodermatitis Enteroathica |
|
|
Term
| Heme iron come from what sources? |
|
Definition
| animal sources and is much easier to absorb |
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|
Term
| Which is easier to absorb, iron in the ferric state or the ferrous state? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is nonheme iron less absorbable? |
|
Definition
| Chemical modification is required before it can be absorbed |
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|
Term
| What vitamin increases the absorption of iron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compound found in meat that increases the bioavailability of nonheme iron eate at same meal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein produced in liver to transport iron in body |
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|
Term
| Iron is stored in what two forms of storage in the body? |
|
Definition
Ferritin = main storage form
hemosiderin = long-term storage |
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|
Term
| Hemosiderin protects the body from what? |
|
Definition
| iron toxicity if chronically high |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the signs of iron deficiency? |
|
Definition
fatigue, impaired physical performance, behavioral abnormalities, impaired intellectual abilties in children, body temp regulation, influence on immune system
small, pale red blood cells, not enough heme, decreased ability to carry oxygen, decreases ATP synthesis (microcytic anemia) |
|
|
Term
| What is heriditary hemochromatosis? |
|
Definition
| genetic disorder that causes excessive absorption of dietary iron and altered iron storage |
|
|
Term
| What are the RDA of iron for men and women? |
|
Definition
Men = 8 mg/day
Women = 18 mg/day |
|
|
Term
| 99% of calcium in the body accounts for what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What three hormones are involved in calcium balance? |
|
Definition
| Calcitonin, paratyroid hormone, vitamin D |
|
|
Term
| Peak bone density is reached by what age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The body will maintain calcium in the bones before it maintains blood calcium. |
|
Definition
False.
The body will always maintain blood calcium, and acts as a bank for blood calcium if efficient amounts are not present in the diet |
|
|
Term
| Calcium toxicity interferes with absorption of what other nutrients because they compete for receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of vitamin D in the body? |
|
Definition
| Required for calcium and phosphorus absorption from the small intestine, regulates blood calcium levels, necessary for bone calcification and work with PTH to stimulate osteoclasts |
|
|
Term
| What is the active form of vitamin D? |
|
Definition
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