Term
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Definition
the resistance against which the left ventricle must eject the flow of blood during contraction |
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Term
|
Definition
a thoracic pain caused by myocardial anoxia (lack of 02 in tissues) from artherosclerosis or coronary artery spasms |
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Term
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Definition
an abnormal condition which results in the collapse in the aveoli preventing the exchange of carbon dioxide and O2 |
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Term
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Definition
an exam to visualize the tracheobronchial tree through a narrow, flexible fiberoptic scope |
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Term
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Definition
a measure of cardiac output per square meter of body surface area of a patient |
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Term
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Definition
the amt of blood expelled from the ventricles of the heart with each beat multiplied by the heart rate |
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Term
cardiopulmonary rehabilitation |
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Definition
helping a patient acheive and maintain a maximum level of health for them |
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Term
cardiopulmonary resuscitation |
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Definition
a basic emergency procedure of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac massage |
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Term
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Definition
an intervention used to mobilize secretions from peripheral airways to the more centralized airway for suctioning or expectroation |
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Term
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Definition
a catheter inserted into the pleural space |
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Term
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Definition
a blue to gray discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by an excess of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
a pattern of exhalation an dinhalation in which most of the ventilatory work is done by the diaphragm |
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Term
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Definition
| the process in which particles of a higher concentration move to an area of lower concentration, resulting in an even distribution of the particles in the fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| breathlessness. shortness of breath associated with exercise, excitement or anxiety and certain heart condition |
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Term
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Definition
| a disturbance in the normal rhythmic pattern of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| a graphic recording of the electrical conduction through the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of breathing out |
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Term
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Definition
| vomiting of bright red blood which is associated with upper GI bleed |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity between the parietal and visceral pleura |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of adding water to gas. making moist. |
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Term
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Definition
| an abnormal condition of the respiratory system when the air enters the alveoli and takes part in the gas exchange but is not adequate to meet the needs of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| inadequate oxygen at the cellular level |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of encouraging deep breathing while providing visual feedback |
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Term
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Definition
| the act of drawing air into the lungs, stimulated by the chemical receptors in the aorta |
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Term
| myocardial infarction (MI) |
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Definition
| also know as a "heart attack"; results from sudden decrease in blood supply to the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| a simple, comfortable device used for oxygen delivery; inserted into the nares; flow rate up to 6L/minute. Flow rates greater than 4L/minute are not often used because of the drying effect on the mucosa and the little increase in delivered oxygen concentration. The percentage of oxygen concentration (FIO2) is from 24% to 44%. |
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Term
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Definition
| a process of adding moisture or medication to inspired air by mixing particles of varying sizes; this method allows delivery of medication into the respiratory tract |
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Term
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Definition
| the normal sequencing of the electrical activity of the heart; initiated by the SA node |
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Term
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Definition
| an abnormal condition in which a person must stand or sit to breathe deeply or comfortably |
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Term
| peak expiratory flow rate |
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Definition
| the maximum rate of airlflow that can be achieved during forced expiration beginning with inflated lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| callapsed lung due to air/gas in the pleural space |
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Term
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Definition
| a positioning technique used to drain secretions from specific segments of the lungs and bronchi into the trachea for expectorant |
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Term
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Definition
| the stretch of the ventricular muscle at end diastole; end diastolic volume |
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Term
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Definition
| deep inspiration followed by a prolonged expiration through pursed lips |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle of the heart with each contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of surgically inserting a needle through the chest wall and pleural space to aspirate fluid, or other specimens for biopsy |
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Term
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Definition
| a process that moves air in and out of the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| a cardiac arrhythmia marked by rapid depolarization of the ventricular mycardium. Lacks organization of the electrical conduction which results in blood pressure falling to zero and an unconsciousness patient |
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Term
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Definition
| a high pitch sound caused by the flow of air through a narrowing of the airway |
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Term
| _____ is required to sustain life |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the function of the cardiac and respiratory systems? |
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Definition
| To supply the body's oxygen demands. |
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Term
| Depth and rate of respiration is controlled by |
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Definition
| neural and chemical regulators in response to changing tissue oxygen demands |
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Term
| cardiopulmonary physiology involves... |
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Definition
| delivery of deoxygenated blood (blood high in carbon dioxide and low in oxygen), to right side of heart and to pulmonary circulation and oxygenated blood from lungs to left side of heart and tissues. |
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Term
| What does the cardiac system do? |
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Definition
1. Delivers oxygen, nutrients and other substances to tissues 2. Removes waste products of cellular metabolism through cardiac pump, circulatory vascular system ,and integration of other systems |
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Term
| The right ventricle pumps blood through... |
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Definition
| the pulmonary circulation |
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Term
| the left ventricle pumps blood... |
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Definition
| to the systemic circulation |
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Term
| the circulatory system exchanges... |
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Definition
| respiratory gases, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and the tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pumping action of heart essential to maintaining oxygen delivery |
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Term
| Coronary artery disease (CAD) and cardiomyopathic (enlarged heart) conditions result in... |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| is equal to stroke volume (SV) multiplied by the heart rate (HR) |
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Term
Cardiac output ____ in the older adult due to... |
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Definition
1. decreases 2. arterial wall tension and mild to moderate mycardial hypertrophy (from BP) |
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Term
| Blood flow through heart is |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What ensures foward blood flow in the heart? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does the myocardium require to maintain adequate blood flow to the pulmonary and systemic circulation? |
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Definition
| sufficient oxygen and nutrients |
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Term
|
Definition
| when atrioventricular (mitral and tricuspid) valves open and blood flows from higher pressure atria into relaxed ventricles which equals S1, or the first heart sound. |
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Term
| After ventricular filling, which phase begins? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| When the smilunar (aortic and pulmonic) valves open and blood flows form ventricles into aorta and pulmonary artery. |
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Term
| Closure of aortic and pulmonic valves represents... |
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Definition
| S2, or second heart sound |
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Term
| The conduction system depends on... |
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Definition
| organized transmission of electrical impulses needed for a heartbeat |
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Term
| The conduction system originates in the |
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Definition
| sinoatrial node (or SA node) or the pacemaker located in the right atrium. |
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Term
| In the conduction system, the AV node is... |
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Definition
| the atrioventricular node is the mediator of impulses between the atria and the ventricles |
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Term
| Most cells in the body obtain energy from... |
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Definition
| chemical reactions involving oxygen and elimination of carbon dioxide |
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Term
| exchange of respiratory gases occurs between... |
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Definition
| enviromental air and blood |
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Term
| Steps in the process of oxygenation: |
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Definition
| Ventilation and diffusion |
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Term
|
Definition
Inspiration - active process; stimulated by chemical receptors in aorta Expiration - passive process; requires little to no muscle work |
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Term
| The major inspiratory muscle of respiration is the... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
The diaphragm is innervated by the ______ which exits the spinal cord at the ______. |
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Definition
1. phrenic nerve 2. 4th cervical vertebra |
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Term
|
Definition
| relates ability of cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to tissues and return de-oxygenated blood to lungs |
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Term
|
Definition
| used to measure volume of air entering or leaving the lungs |
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Term
| Lung capacities are made up of... |
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Definition
| two ore more lung volumes |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inspiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| expiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Sumptum characteristics to assess |
|
Definition
| color, color changes, odor, quantity, consistency, presence of blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| ability of lungs to contract and extract gas |
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Term
|
Definition
| ability of lungs to expand in response to inspiratoin |
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Term
| airway resistance seen in |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| blood is oxygenated by... |
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Definition
| ventilation, perfusion, and transport of respiratory gases |
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Term
| deoxygenated blood is transported to the... |
|
Definition
| right side of the heart and to pulmonary circulation |
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Term
| oxygenated blood is transported from the ___ to the ___ |
|
Definition
1. lungs 2. left side of the heart and the tissues |
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Term
| the right ventricle pumps blodd through |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the left ventricle pumps blood through... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the four cardiac chambers are... |
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Definition
| the 2 atria and 2 ventricles |
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Term
| the four cardiac chambers fill with blood during ____ and empties druing ____ |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| as the myocardium stretches, the strength of the subsequent contraction increases; the law doesn't apply in a diseased heart |
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Term
| blood flow through the heart is _-directional |
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Definition
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|
Term
| With valvular disease, there is _____ or _____ of blood through the incompetent valve, causing a murmur that you can hear on auscultation. |
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Definition
| backflow or regurgitation |
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Term
| coronary artery circulation |
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Definition
| branch of systemic circulation that supplies myocardium with oxygen and nutrients and removes waste |
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Term
| coronary arteries fill during |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the left coronary artery is the most... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the left coronary artery feeds the |
|
Definition
| left ventricular myocardium |
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|
Term
| the left ventricular myocardium is more ____ and does most of the heart's work |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| delivers nutrients and oxygen to tissues and removes wastes from tissues |
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Term
| flow of oxygenated blood: |
|
Definition
| from left ventricle through the aorta, into large systemic arteries, then to arterioles, then to capillaries |
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Term
| What happens at the capillary level? |
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Definition
| Exchange of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes. Tissues are oxygenated. |
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Term
| Process of removal of wastes into systemic circulation: |
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Definition
| Wastes exit the capillary network through venules that join to form veins, then larger veins carry deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart, wehre it returns to pulmonary circulation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| amount of blood ejected from left ventricle each minute; normal CO is 4 to 60 L/min in a normal 150 lb adult at rest. |
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Term
| Examples of time CO would increase |
|
Definition
| pregnancy, exercise, and fever |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
more precise than CO; takes into account tissue prefusion and BSA; Calculate by: CO / BSA = CI Normal CI : 2.5 to 4 L/min/m2 |
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Term
|
Definition
| amount of blood ejected from left ventricle with each contraction |
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Term
|
Definition
| amount of blood in left ventricle at the end of diastole |
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Term
|
Definition
| resistance to left ventricle ejection |
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|
Term
| myocardial contractility, preload, and afterload all affect... |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the heart must work to fully eject blood from left ventricle |
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Term
| Good measurement of afterload is... |
|
Definition
| diastolic aortic pressure |
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Term
| In hypertension, afterload _____, which makes CO workload increase. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Afterload can be manipulated by... |
|
Definition
| reducing systemic blood pressure |
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|
Term
| The myocardium of an older adult is more ____ and ____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Heart rate affects blood flow because... |
|
Definition
| the relationship between rate and diastolic filling time |
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|
Term
| With heart rate great than 160, filling time ____, which ____ stroke volume and CO. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| generates and transmits electrical impulses that relax and contract the atria and ventricles; it originates w/ the SA node |
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Term
|
Definition
in the right atrium next to the entrance of the superior vena cava; impulses are initiated by the SA node at a rate between 60 to 100 beats/min; it is also called the "pacemaker" of the heart |
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Term
| Electrical impulses are transmitted through the atria along intaatrial pathways to the... |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| mediates impulses between the atria and ventricles; normal rate of AV node is between 40 to 60 beats/min; it assists atrial emptying by delaying the impulse before transmitting through the bundle of HIS and the ventricular Perkinje network |
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Term
| The rate of the bundle of HIS and the Perkinje network is between... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrocardiogram (ECG) (EKG) |
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Definition
| reflects the electrical activity of the conduction system; monitors regularity and path of impulses; DOES NOT reflect muscular work of the heart |
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Term
| The normal sequence on an ECG is called |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| implies that an impulse originates at SA node and follows a normal sequence |
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Term
|
Definition
| represents electrical conduction through both atria |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| represents the impulse travel time through AV node, through bundle of HIS, and to the Perkinje fibers; Normal PR length is .12 to 0.2 second. |
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Term
| PR interval greater than 0.2 indicates... |
|
Definition
| a block in the impulse transmission through the AV node |
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|
Term
| PR interval less than 0.12 second indicates... |
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Definition
| the initiation of an impulse from a source other than the SA node. |
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Term
|
Definition
| indicates that the impulse traveled through the ventricles |
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|
Term
| QRS complex normal duration |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Ventricular contraction usually follows what part of EKG? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represents the time needed for ventricular depolarization and repolarization; normal QT interval is .12 to .42 second |
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|
Term
| Lungs transfer oxygen from ______ to ______, where it is then exchanged for carbon dioxide. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Alveoli transfer oxygen and carbon dioxide from _____ through the _____ _____ _____. |
|
Definition
blood alveolar capillary membrane |
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|
Term
| 3 steps in the process of oxygenization: |
|
Definition
| ventilation, perfusion, and diffusion |
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Term
| Structures essential for ventilation, perfusion, and exchange of respiratory gases: |
|
Definition
| respiratory muscles, pleural space, lungs, alveoli |
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|
Term
| Gases move in/out of lungs through |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| negative (less than atmospheric pressure), which is 760 mmHg at sea level |
|
|
Term
| the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract to... |
|
Definition
| create a negative pleural pressure and increase size of thorax for inspiration |
|
|
Term
| How does air escape the lungs? |
|
Definition
| relaxation of the diaphragm and contraction of the internal intercostal muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moves gas in/out of lungs; requires coordination of the muscular and elastic properties of lungs and thorax, as well as intact innervation |
|
|
Term
| the major inspiratory muscle of respiration is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to tissues and return deoxygenated blood to lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| moves the respiratory gases from one area to another |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What regulates the respiratory cycle so that exchange of respiratory gases can occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the effort required to expand and contract the lungs; when healthy, breathing is quiet and done with minimal effort |
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|
Term
| Work of breathing depends on what factors? |
|
Definition
| rate and depth of breathing, compliance (ease that lungs expand), and airway resistance |
|
|
Term
| Inspiration is a(n) _____ process. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Expiration is a(n) _____ process. |
|
Definition
| passive; and it depends on the elastic recoil of the lungs |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemical produced in the lungs to maintain surface tension of the alveoli and keep them from collapsing |
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|
Term
| COPD patients lose elastic recoil, resulting in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During assessment, observe for elevation of clavicles because... |
|
Definition
| it can indicate venilatory fatigue, air hunger, or decreased lung expansion |
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|
Term
| Compliance decreases in patients with... |
|
Definition
| pulmonary edema, intersitial and pleural fibrosis, and congenital or traumatic structural abnormalities...such as, kyphosis or fractured ribs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pressure difference between mouth and alveoli in relation to rate of flow or inspired gas; increased by asthma, airway obstruction, and tracheal adema |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| measures volume of air entering/leaving the lungs |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of air exhaled in a normal breath |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| primary function is to move blood to and from alveolar capillary membrane for gas exchange; it is also a resevoir for blood so lungs can increase blood volume without large increases in pulmonary artery or venous pressures |
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|
Term
| pulmonary circulation also acts as a filter by |
|
Definition
| removing thrombi before they reach vital organs |
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|
Term
***on test The normal intrinsic rate of the AV node is b/w 40 and 60 beats per minute |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
*** on test *** When assessing clients with COPD, observe for |
|
Definition
| elevation of the clavicles during inspiration |
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|
Term
*** on test *** How does obesity affect chest wall movement? |
|
Definition
| they have reduced lung volumes from the heavy lower thorax and abdomen, increased WOB, decreased lung volumes; obesity-hypoventilation develops in which O2 is decreased and CO2 is retained; susceptible to pueumonia after surgery or upper resp tract infection because lungs do NOT fully expand and lower lobes retain pulmonary secretions!!! |
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|
Term
*** on test *** Cervical trauma at C3 usually results in |
|
Definition
| paralysis of the phrenic nerve |
|
|
Term
*** on test *** V-fib requires what kind of intervention? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
* on test * Left sided heart failure can result in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
* on test * regular rhythm, normal p wave, normal QRS complex and HR of 100-180 beats/min |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
* on test * Atrial Fibrilation symptoms include |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
* on test * Angina pectoris symptoms |
|
Definition
| aching, sharp, tingling, or burning pain; lasts from 1 to 15 minutes; induced by heavy meanls, exercise, or stress; pain often relieved with vasodialators, most common being nitroglycerin |
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|
Term
* on test * Female symptoms of Myocardial Infarction |
|
Definition
| angina is most common symptom, atypical symptoms are fatigue, indigestion, vasospasm, shortness of breath, back or jaw pain |
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|
Term
* on test * clinical signs of hypoxia |
|
Definition
| apprehension, RESTLESSNESS, inability to concentrate, declining level of conciousness, unable to lie down, appears fatigued |
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|
Term
* on test * When caring for a pt. with a narcotic overdose (ex. heroin), what symptom may be seen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
* on test * Central cyanosis is observed in the |
|
Definition
| TONGUE, soft palate, and conjuctiva of the eye |
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|
Term
* on test * Cardiac catheterization??? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
* on test * Annual fluenza vaccines are recommened for |
|
Definition
| children 6 months to 5 years, adults over 50, and ANY CLIENTS WITH CHRONIC ILLNESSES |
|
|
Term
* on test * A humidity tent can often do what as a negative outcome |
|
Definition
| cause a child to become chilled |
|
|
Term
* on test * what type of suctioning is used when a client CAN cough? |
|
Definition
| oroPHARYNGEAL or nasoPHARYNGEAL |
|
|
Term
* on test * Know process for nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, nasotracheal, and orotracheal suctioning and when each is used. Also note what to do when unexpected outcomes occur (ex. resistance) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
* on test * Upper airway is always "clean" and lower airway is "sterile". Therefore you can use the same catheter when suctioning from sterile to clean areas. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
