Term
| What form of prevention is screening? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the objective of screening? |
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Definition
| To detect disease in the earliest stage, reduce the cost of the disease by avoiding more rigorous interventions of later stages, and deter its progression. |
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Term
| What are 3 advantages to screening? |
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Definition
-often simple, inexpensive and do not always require a nurse to perform.
-Can be used for both individuals and large groups.
-One test disease screening or multiple test screening can be used. |
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Term
| What are 3 disadvantages to screening? |
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Definition
-Margin of error exists for screening and instrument.
-False positives lead to needless referals and anxiety
-False negatives lead to delays in the true identification and treatment |
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Term
| What are 3 disadvantages to screening? |
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Definition
-Margin of error exists for screening and instrument.
-False positives lead to needless referals and anxiety
-False negatives lead to delays in the true identification and treatment |
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Term
| Having to balance the benefits of some against the losses of others is an example of what? |
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Definition
| An ethical consideration associated with screening. |
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Term
| What is one thing that must be evaluated with each and every screening test, disease and population? |
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Definition
| The ethical considerations involved. |
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Term
| What are the 3 criteria for determining the selection of a screenable disease? |
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Definition
-Does the significance warrant screening?
-Can the disease be screened?
-Should screening be done for this disease? |
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Term
| What does significance refer to in terms of screening? |
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Definition
| The level of priority as a public health concern |
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Term
| What is "prevelence" in reference to screening? |
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Definition
| It is the proportion of existing cases during a specific time period (chronic) |
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Term
| Define "Incidence" in reference to screening. |
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Definition
| Is the frequency of new cases during a specified time period (acute cases) |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree of consistency or reproducibility of the tests results. |
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Term
| How can we be sure that reliability has been achieved? |
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Definition
| Achieved when different individuals of the same skill level perform the test during different periods and under different conditions |
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Term
| Define: Interovserver reliability |
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Definition
| Achieving the same result when two different people perform the test. |
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Term
| Define: intraobserver reliability |
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Definition
| When the same person can reproduce the same result several times. If not, the machine is in error. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to distinguish correctly between diseased and non-diseased individuals, or the accuracy of the test. |
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Term
| What do we use to quantify the margin of error for validity? |
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Definition
| Sensitivity and specificity |
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Term
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Definition
| The proportion of people who correctly test positive when screened. A test with poor sensitivity will produce a large number of false negatives. |
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Term
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Definition
| Measures the test's ability to recognize negative reactions on non-diseased individuals. A test with low specificity will produce a large number of false positives. |
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Term
| What is a condition in which a number of false negatives could occur? |
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Definition
| Moderate specificity- it may not identify people with the disease in the early stages who could benefit from treatment. |
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Term
| What are the next steps taken once a lead agency has been chosen to oversee development of the screening process? |
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Definition
| Lead agency will then identify stakeholders who are usually key community individuals. This forms a parntership. |
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Term
| List some constraints involved in operating a screening service. |
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Definition
| Financial, political, cultural, follow-up and referral services and accessible treatment centers. |
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Term
| What assesment must a partnership perform after being formed by the lead agency? |
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Definition
| A community assessment, which provides data regarding type, quantity and quality of resources. |
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Term
| What should be done if the screening agency does not have the ability to make appropriate referrals for positive screens? |
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Definition
| Screening should not be done. |
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Term
| What type of group should be sought out when selecting a screenable population? |
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Definition
| It's important to select a high risk group that will yield a significant number of diseased individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Genetic lack of the enzyme to metabolize phenylalanine |
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Term
| What is the incidence of PKU? |
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Definition
| About 1:10,000 births, but the cost of care is very high. |
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Term
| What screen is used to test for PKU? |
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Definition
| Guthrie test @ 2-3 days old. |
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Term
| What is the consequence of untreated PKU? |
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Definition
| Severe brain damage results |
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Term
| This is the 2nd leading cause of death in women |
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Definition
| Most common cancer, breast cancer. |
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Term
| What are the major risk factors for breast cancer? |
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Definition
| Increased age, No children (or first child in late 30's), family history of breast cancer, obeisity, and high fat diet. |
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Term
| How often should breast cancer screen be performed? |
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Definition
| Women should have a mammogram every 1-2 years with or without CBE at age 40. |
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Term
| Where does cervical cancer rank in terms of cancers most commonly affecting women? |
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Definition
| It is the 10th most common cancer among women. |
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Term
| What course of screening is reccommended for women at risk of cervical cancer? |
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Definition
| Pap smear anually for all women age 18 or older or for women who are sexually active |
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Term
| What risk factors increase a woman's chance of acquiring cervical cancer? |
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Definition
| Multiple sex partners, low socioeconomic status, early intercourse, smokers and HPV |
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Term
| Where does Colorectal cancer rank in terms of cancer deaths affecting women in the US? |
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Definition
| It is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among US women |
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Term
| What are the risk factors for colorectal cancer? |
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Definition
| Inflammatory bowel disease, history of endometrial, ovarian or breast cancer, polyps, 1st degree relative w/CRC |
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Term
| Describe screening reccomendations for women concerning colorectal cancer |
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Definition
| Screening includes annual rectal exam, annual fecal occult blood with sigmoidoscopy every 5 years and colonoscopy every 10 years beginning at 50 |
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Term
| Describe the rankings of prostate cancer in terms of commonality and cause of death among men |
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Definition
| It is the most common cancer in males and the 2nd leading cause of death among males |
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Term
| What are the risk factors associated with prostate cancer |
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Definition
| Risk increases with age 50 and among black men |
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Term
| What screening tests are used for detecting prostate cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the major modifiable risk factor for heart disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are total cholesterol and HDL levels determined? |
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Definition
| By fasting or non-fasting blood level. |
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Term
| When is a cholesterol screen reccommended for men and women? |
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Definition
| Recommended for men at age 35-65 and women age 45-65 every 5 years. Over 65 is on a case by case basis. |
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Term
| What are the risk factors for elevated cholesterol? |
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Definition
| Genetic, diet and sedentary lifestyle |
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Term
| Hypertension is the leading risk factor for 4 life-threatening conditions. What are they? |
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Definition
| Congestive heart failure, stroke, heart attack, and renal disease. |
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Term
| Whom is HTN screening reccommended for? |
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Definition
| Anyone over 18 years of age. |
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Term
| When is treatment reccommended for HTN? |
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Definition
| When systolic pressure 140mmHg, regardless of diastolic |
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Term
| Where does glaucoma rank among causes of irreversible blindness? |
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Definition
| Glaucoma is the second leading cause of this |
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Term
| What are the risk factors for glaucoma? |
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Definition
| Black race, increased age, those with diabetes, myopia, and family hx. |
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Term
| What is the leading cause of death in the black population ages 25-44? |
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Definition
| HIV is the leading cause in this age group of this race |
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Term
| What diagnostic criteria are used to screen for glaucoma? |
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Definition
| Increased intraocular pressure(tonometer), damage to optic nerve (eye exam), and visual field loss (perimetry) |
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Term
| What is the fastest growing group with new HIV infections? |
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Definition
| Monority women are the fastest growing group diagnosed w/this |
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Term
| Who should be offered HIV screening? |
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Definition
| Screening should be offered to all individuals who are at increased risk for this disease |
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Term
| What screening test is used to diagnose HIV? |
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Definition
| The enzyme immunoassay is used to diagnose this |
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Term
| This condition is associated with long term damage to multiple organ systems |
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Definition
| Diabetes mellitus is associated with this |
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Term
| What are the risk factors for diabetes mellitus? |
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Definition
| These include age, obeisity, lack of exercise, family history, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and macrosomic infants |
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Term
| How do we screen for diabetes mellitus? |
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Definition
| Includes checking fasting plasma levels every 3 years for individuals at risk |
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