Term
|
Definition
health issues that transcend national boundaries, and may best be
addressed by cooperative action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
to improve global health and decrease inequities in the global burden
of disease by identifying priorities for programs to address the most pressing
needs; supporting primary health care initiatives; helping to address challenges
associated with the global nursing shortage; promoting global health equity
through leadership and involvement in health policy development; and participating in international exchanges and collaborations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
term used to refer to the increasing economic, political, social,
technological, and intellectual interconnectedness of the world |
|
|
Term
| Positive aspects of Globalization |
|
Definition
Diffusion of ideas, technologies, and other innovations that lead
to improvements in many areas such as availability of safe water,
medications, and treatments for both acute and chronic health
problems |
|
|
Term
| Positive aspects of Globalization |
|
Definition
Expansion of trade—increased living standards for many,
especially for women |
|
|
Term
| Positive aspects of Globalization |
|
Definition
“global stewardship” in which there is a growing recognition of
common threats and opportunities and a sense of growing
solidarity and commitment to collaboration to promote global
social justice and equity |
|
|
Term
| Positive aspects of Globalization |
|
Definition
Information and communication technology increases access to
information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased crowding in urban areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased health problems associated with adopted Western lifestyles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Faster transmission of infectious diseases associated with increased global travel and “microbial hitchhikers” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “Brain drain” from lower resource countries to higher |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disparities in the global burden of disease—effects of poverty and inequitable distribution of world’s resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of health difference or disadvantage that adversely affects groups of people based on any characteristic historically linked to bias and discrimination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Great inequities in burden of disease, many of which are directly related to poverty and unequal distribution of resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Millennium Declaration: 8 goals and targets meant to reduce poverty and global inequities and promote health and social welfare to the world’s citizen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People’s health and well-being suffer most when they can’t secure employment and can no longer access social support services |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gaps between rich and poor are growing and making good education, healthcare, safe drinking water, etc. difficult to attain for the poor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Poverty has been identified as a major source of malnutrition and illness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The poor are more exposed to pollution and other health risks and are more likely to smoke |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name a millennium declaration goal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name a millennium declaration goal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name a millennium declaration goal |
|
Definition
| promote health and social welfare of the world's citizens |
|
|
Term
| Name a millennium declaration goal |
|
Definition
| goals to be achieved by 2015 |
|
|
Term
| Name a millennium declaration goal |
|
Definition
| Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger |
|
|
Term
| How can eradication of extreme poverty and hunger be solved |
|
Definition
| Microfinance and microloans |
|
|
Term
| Name a millennium declaration goal |
|
Definition
| Achieve universal primary education |
|
|
Term
| Why is achieving universal primary education important |
|
Definition
| Strong correlation between education and health |
|
|
Term
| Name a millennium declaration goal |
|
Definition
| Promote gender equality and empower women |
|
|
Term
| Why is promoting gender equality and empowering women important |
|
Definition
| A clear relationship between health and goal of promoting gender equity and women's empowerment because women are often the major family caregivers and assume primary responsibility for healthcare decisions |
|
|
Term
| Name a millennium declaration goal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is child mortality so high |
|
Definition
| closely related to poverty, AIDS, malaria, wars, and conflicts |
|
|
Term
| Name a millennium declaration goal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can maternal health be improved |
|
Definition
| By having access to prenatal care and having skilled birth attendants, Prevention of teen and unplanned pregnancies |
|
|
Term
| Name a millennium declaration goal |
|
Definition
| Combat HIV/Aids, malaria and other diseases |
|
|
Term
| How can we combat HIV/Aids, malaria and other diseases |
|
Definition
| Insecticide, bed nets,President’s Emergency Program for AIDS Relief: funding for medications, care, and treatment of patients with HIV in 15 countries with the highest rates |
|
|
Term
| Name a millennium declaration goal |
|
Definition
| Ensure environmental sustainability |
|
|
Term
| How can we ensure environmental sustainability |
|
Definition
Cleaner energy technologies: biofuels, hydroelectricity
Access to sanitation and clean water |
|
|
Term
| Name a millennium declaration goal |
|
Definition
| Develop a global partnership for development |
|
|
Term
| How can you help develop a global partnership for development |
|
Definition
| Collaboration of high resource countries and increasing availability of technology and communication |
|
|
Term
| What benefits does increasing availability of technology and communication have |
|
Definition
| Provides educational and collaborative learning programs, delivers care by telenursing or telehealth, provides EMR to share data and improve clinical decision making, facilitates knowledge management and utilization to promote EBP, develops a collaborative partnerships and communities of practice |
|
|
Term
| Name a millennium declaration goal |
|
Definition
| Web-based resources for health |
|
|
Term
| Definition of community health nursing |
|
Definition
| the practice of nursing by professional nurses who have been educated in the process of population-based nursing and whose principle client is the aggregate community |
|
|
Term
| What is community health nursing |
|
Definition
| population-based nursing practiced in a variety of settings including schools, worksites, shelters, health departments, etc. |
|
|
Term
| What does community health nursing focus on |
|
Definition
| focused on prevention rather than illness care |
|
|
Term
| What are the 10 essential public health services by nurses |
|
Definition
Monitor health status to identify community health problems;Diagnose and investigate health hazards;Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues;Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems;Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts;Enforce laws and regulations that improve health and safety;Link people to health services and ensure provision of healthcare when unavailable;Ensure a competent public and personal health care workforce;Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of health services;
Research new insights and solutions to health problems |
|
|
Term
| Who founded Henry St settlement house where they worked among the people teaching hygiene, visiting the sick, and crusading for better health care |
|
Definition
| Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster |
|
|
Term
| Who targeted root cause of ill health, taking on institutions, politics, and social policy to effect changes for improvement of the community’s health;First coined the term “public health nurse”;Regarded as the “mother of public health nursing” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Whose contributions are the following:
1.Established nursing schools
2.Advocated better housing
3.Worked to change child labor laws
4.Taught preventive practices
5.Advocated occupational health nursing
6.Improved education of public health nurses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did public health contribute to people in the US |
|
Definition
| Added 25 years to the life expectancy and brought forward the 10 great achievements |
|
|
Term
| Benefits of immunizations |
|
Definition
a.Primary prevention of disease
b.Inhibiting the development of disease before it occurs |
|
|
Term
| What is the focus of community health |
|
Definition
| Population-focused with the goals of promoting health and preventing disease and disability for all people through the creation of conditions in which people can be healthy |
|
|
Term
| What does the focus of community health offer |
|
Definition
| integrated services and activities that focus on minimizing threats to health, promoting wellness, and then focusing on illness management |
|
|
Term
| What did the focus of community health do for nurses |
|
Definition
| must focus on 10 essential public health services |
|
|
Term
| What is primary prevention |
|
Definition
| precedes disease or dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of primary prevention |
|
Definition
a.General health promotion: nutrition, hygiene, exercise, environmental protection
b.Specific health promotion: immunizations and PPE |
|
|
Term
| What is secondary prevention |
|
Definition
| early detection and treatment of adverse health conditions; detect and treat a problem at its earliest possible stage when disease already exists |
|
|
Term
| Which are considered secondary prevention |
|
Definition
a.Cure of illnesses that may be incurable later
b.Prevention of complications or disability
c.Confinement of the spread of disease |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of secondary prevention |
|
Definition
1.Blood pressure screening for hypertension
2.Skin test for TB
3.Early treatment of infectious disease
4.Audiometric testing for hearing impairment |
|
|
Term
| What is tertiary prevention |
|
Definition
| occurs after diseases or events have already resulted in morbidity |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of tertiary prevention |
|
Definition
| purpose is to limit disability and rehabilitate or restore affected people to maximum possible capacities |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of tertiary prevention |
|
Definition
1.Physical therapy for stroke victims
2.Social support programs for alcoholics
3.Exercise programs for heart attack victims
4.Mental health counseling for rape victims |
|
|
Term
| What are considered the great public health achievements of the 20th centuray |
|
Definition
a.Immunizations
b.Improvements in motor vehicle safety
c.Workplace safety
d.Control of infectious diseases
e.Decline in deaths from heart disease and stroke
f.Safer and healthier foods
g.Healthier mothers and babies
h.Family planning
i.Fluoridation of drinking water
j.Tobacco as a health hazard |
|
|
Term
| Definition of Epidemiology and demography |
|
Definition
1.the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to improve health
2.quantitative discipline based on statistics and research methodologies
3.includes investigating lifestyles, health-promotion strategies, injury, environmental conditions, risk factors, etc
4.analogous to nursing process |
|
|
Term
| Example of descriptive epidemiology |
|
Definition
a.Distribution of frequencies and patterns of health events with groups in a population
b.Examines disease patterns and health related phenomena
c.Develops ratios, rates, and proportions of morbidity and mortality statistics for use in public health and vital statistics
d.Provides data, info, and insight into characteristics of a population with a disease or without a disease |
|
|
Term
| Example of analytic epidemiology |
|
Definition
a.Seeks to identify associations between a disease or health problem and its etiology
b.Concerned with determinants of disease and seek to identify causes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.Number of people in a population who develop the condition during a specified period of time
2.Number of new cases
3.Allows estimation of risk necessary to assess causal association |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the number of passengers boarding a train |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i.Total number of people in a population who have the condition at a particular time
ii.One shot, cross-sectional study
iii.Examines the extent of morbidity and is influenced by the rate of new cases, the number of existing cases, effective new treatment modalities, and deaths |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of passengers already on a train, affected by new passengers (new cases) and leaving passengers (by death or recovery) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unexpected occurrence of an infectious disease in a limited geographic area in a limited period of time |
|
|
Term
| Definition of "web of causation" |
|
Definition
i.Views a health condition as the result not of individual factors but of complex interrelationships of numerous factors interacting to increase or decrease risk of disease
ii.Synergism: the whole is more than the sum of its parts
iii.Can be overwhelming; examination of one portion of the web may provide sufficient information for initiation of useful actions to improve community health |
|
|
Term
| Example of "web of causation" |
|
Definition
infant mortality
1.Identify all factors related to infant mortality
2.Identify factors related to those factors
3.Examine relationships among all identified components of the web and attempt to determine a point of intervention |
|
|
Term
| What is the epidemiologic triangle |
|
Definition
| agent-host-environment model used to analyze the roles and interrelatedness of the agent, host, and environment; they can coexist unless there is an interaction or altered equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| Definition of Agent in regards to the epidemiologic triangle |
|
Definition
| organism capable of causing disease |
|
|
Term
| Definition of host in regards to the epidemiologic triangle |
|
Definition
| population at risk for developing disease |
|
|
Term
| Definition of environment in regards to the epidemiologic triangle |
|
Definition
| combination of physical, biological, and social factors that surround and influence the agent and the host |
|
|
Term
| Bioaccumulation definition |
|
Definition
| introduction of substances into ecological food webs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemicals that behave similarly to essential elements can be susceptible to rapid uptake and retention; radionucleotides that behave similarly to calcium and potassium can be introduced into the environment by nuclear reactors |
|
|
Term
| Name all 7 ethical priciples |
|
Definition
i.Distributive justice: fair distribution of rights and resources
ii.Autonomy: right to self-determination; decisions should be made by those most affected
iii.Nonmaleficence: the avoidance of harm
iv.Veracity: commitment to tell the truth
v.Respect for people: every person and community has intrinsic value
vi.Beneficence: the desire to act in the best interest of others
vii.Fidelity: faithfulness, keep your promises |
|
|
Term
| What are ethical principles |
|
Definition
| can be used in the process of ethical decision-making involving the analysis of alternative actions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (John Stuart Mill) outcome-based decision making; decisions are made on basis of greatest good for greatest number |
|
|
Term
Who does this describe: i. Targeted root cause of ill health, taking on institutions, politics, and social policy to effect changes for improvement of the community’s health
ii. First coined the term “public health nurse”
iii. Regarded as the “mother of public health nursing”
iv. Contributions
1. Established nursing schools
2. Advocated better housing
3. Worked to change child labor laws
4. Taught preventive practices
5. Advocated occupational health nursing
6. Improved education of public health nurses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who founded henry st settlement house where they worked among the people teaching hygiene, visiting the sick, and crusading for better health care |
|
Definition
| Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster |
|
|
Term
| Name a contribution to the history of nursing |
|
Definition
| Antibiotics, immunizations, and improvements in sanitation in the 40s resulted in a considerable decline in morbidity and mortality |
|
|
Term
| Name a contribution to the history of nursing |
|
Definition
| public health contributed to adding 25 years to life expectancy in the US |
|
|
Term
| Name a contribution to the history of nursing |
|
Definition
| in 1960s, as communicable diseases declined, focus shifted to prevention of chronic diseases and related risk factors |
|
|
Term
| Name a contribution to the history of nursing |
|
Definition
| community health nurses focused on screenings, case findings, home health visits, health education activities |
|
|
Term
| Name a contribution to the history of nursing |
|
Definition
| in the 1980s, focus shifted to health promotion |
|
|
Term
| Name a contribution to the history of nursing |
|
Definition
| 1990's marked by considerable emphasis on clinical care and high-tech medicine as ways to increase life span; also, high costs of healthcare became a major concern for policymakers |
|
|
Term
| Name a contribution to the history of nursing |
|
Definition
| recent years, official agencies are more involved in direct clinical care, and community health nursing has focused on clinical and illness care or “clinic” roles and functions, assigning less importance to family- and community-focused roles and functions |
|
|
Term
| Name a contribution to the history of nursing |
|
Definition
| public health is shifting back to its roots by focusing more on disease prevention, health promotion, and assurance that care is provided rather than providing one-on-one care |
|
|
Term
Understanding how cultural and ethnic beliefs and practices influence our daily lives, and recognizing that people with cultural backgrounds different from our own have unique values, life ways, health practices, and interpersonal styles
is an example of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
It involves setting aside biases and prejudices to work together effectively
is an example of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
it is the ability to express an awareness of one’s own culture, to recognize the differences between oneself and others, and to adapt behavior to appreciate and accommodate those differences
is an example of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Definition of ethnocentric |
|
Definition
| evaluating other people and cultures based on the standards of one’s own culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the condition of being different or having differences; it does not imply a ranking, ordering, or prioritizing of differences; they just exist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ethnic groups are composed of people who share a unique cultural background and social heritage passed from one generation to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membership in a distinct group and differentiates us from those in other groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| common ancestry, shared history, common place of origin, language, food preferences, participation in rituals, networks, activities, etc. |
|
|
Term
| What are the goals of healthy people 2020 |
|
Definition
a.Increase length and improve quality of healthy life
b.Eliminate disparities among subgroups of the population
c.Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death
d.Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all
e.Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the laws to promote the health of citizens; often considered a part of public policy; can be at community, state, national, or international levels |
|
|
Term
| What is the Women, Infants, and Children program |
|
Definition
i.Benefits: supplemental foods, nutrition education, referrals to healthcare
ii.Eligibility: pregnant, breast-feeding, and postpartum women; infants; and children up to age 5 who meet a low-income standard and are determined to be at nutritional risk |
|
|
Term
| What is the State Children's health insurance Program |
|
Definition
i.Benefits: doctor visits, immunizations, hospitalizations, emergency room visits
ii.Eligibility: children <19 years of age from families who earn too much to qualify for Medicaid but who meet SCHIP eligibility and are not covered by other insurance; US citizen of legal immigrant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the science of information |
|
|
Term
| Who uses informatics in practice to reduce errors; to obtain, evaluate, and manage information; in decision making; and in communication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
i.Author: who wrote it? Credentials? Institutional affiliation? Previous work on the topic? Evidence of expertise?
ii.Credibility and accuracy: is the info true and can it be confirmed with at least 2 other sources? Is it different from all other sources you’ve seen?
iii.Currency: when was it last updated? Is it current? Is more recent info available?
iv.Objectivity vs. bias: information should be used to inform the reader, not influence; be aware of bias
v.Navigation: is the site easy to navigate? Are you lost constantly? Does the site make it clear how to find the info you need?
All are examples of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| function of the risk process; it results from the combination of hazards, conditions of vulnerability, and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce the potential negative consequences of risk; they are sudden or serious events of such a scale that there is considerable human, property, or environmental damage or loss, with resultant serious breakdowns or disruptions in community or societal functioning, and requiring exceptional efforts or outside resources for community management and recovery |
|
|
Term
| Definition of natural disasters |
|
Definition
| caused by environmental or natural forces (hurricanes, earthquakes, tornadoes, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| Definition of man-made disasters |
|
Definition
| disasters caused by people, deliberately or accidentally) |
|
|
Term
| What does the "D" in disaster stand of |
|
Definition
| Detect: is this disaster mass-casualty? Potential terrorism? Is the cause known? |
|
|
Term
| What does the "I" in disaster stand of |
|
Definition
| incident command: should emergency response or management be activated? Is an Incident Command System needed? Who will be in charge of the scene? |
|
|
Term
| What does the "S" in disaster stand of |
|
Definition
| scene security and safety: is the scene safe and secure? Unsafe until proven otherwise; PPE; priorities of protection: self, health team members, the public, patients, and environment |
|
|
Term
| What does the "A" in disaster stand of |
|
Definition
| assess hazards: are scene hazards known? What hazards are or might be present? Could this event be an act of terrorism? |
|
|
Term
| What does the "S" in disaster stand of |
|
Definition
| support: what personnel, equipment, or supplies may be needed? |
|
|
Term
| What does the "T" in disaster stand of |
|
Definition
| triage and treatment: what are the injuries? Is triage (sorting of patients to determine treatment priorities using a standardized method) needed? What treatments are needed |
|
|
Term
| What does the "E" in disaster stand of |
|
Definition
| evacuation and transport of victims and casualties: how many persons need evacuation and transportation, in what order, and by what mode of transport? Decontamination? Use triage categories to establish priorities |
|
|
Term
| What does the "R" in disaster stand of |
|
Definition
| recovery: what are immediate needs? What are needs several days later? What are long-term needs? |
|
|
Term
| Infectious agent, reservoirs,and portals of exit and entry are all part of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an infectious agent |
|
Definition
| organisms capable of producing infection; viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths, prions, Rickettsia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the environment in which a pathogen lives and multiplies; humans, animals, arthropods, plants, soil, other organic substances |
|
|
Term
| What is a portal of exit and entry |
|
Definition
| agents are communicated from the human host through a portal of exit and invade through a portal of entry; sometimes may occur in the same place; respiratory passages, mucous membranes, open wounds |
|
|
Term
| Name the modes of transmission |
|
Definition
| Direct, indirect, biologic, mechanical and airborne |
|
|
Term
| Describe direct transmission |
|
Definition
| immediate transfer of an agent from an infected host to a portal of entry through physical contact |
|
|
Term
| Describe indirect transmission |
|
Definition
| spread through a vehicle of transmission outside the host (i.e. fomites (inanimate objects) or vectors (insects, animals, etc.)) |
|
|
Term
| What is host susceptibility |
|
Definition
| some populations are at greater risk than others; age, personal behaviors, healthy lines of defense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| period referring to the time of invasion to the time when disease symptoms first appear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an agent’s ability to produce serious disease in its host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indispensable defense against infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| steady occurrence of disease over a large geographic area or worldwide (malaria) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occur at a consistent, expected level in a geographic area (STDs, common cold) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unexpected increase in an infectious disease in a geographic area over an extended period of time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| derived from actual exposure to the specific infectious agent |
|
|
Term
| What are the two ways a disease can be acquired |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the body produces its own antibodies against an antigen, either as a result of infection or introduction of the pathogen via vaccine |
|
|
Term
| describe passive acquired |
|
Definition
| temporary resistance donated through transfusions of plasma proteins, immunoglobin, antitoxins, or transplacentaly |
|
|
Term
| What is the triage color for green and meaning |
|
Definition
| care may be delayed up to 3 hours |
|
|
Term
| What is the triage color for yellow and meaning |
|
Definition
| urgent care, but delayed up to one hour |
|
|
Term
| What is the triage color for red and meaning |
|
Definition
| life threatening, need immediate care |
|
|
Term
| What is the triage color for black and meaning |
|
Definition
|
|
