Term
|
Definition
provided by primary care physicians (PCPs)
is provided on an outpatient basis
PCP is the "gatekeeper" to other subspecialists, including PT |
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Term
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Definition
Provided by medical specialists
often requires inpatient hospitalization or ambulatory same-day surgery |
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Term
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Definition
highly specialized, technologically based medical services - ex. heart, liver, or lung transplants, & other major surgical procedures
- provided by highly specialized physicians in a hospital setting |
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Term
| Medicare & Medicaid require at least _____ of hospice care is to be provided at home. |
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Definition
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Term
| Standards related to safety are set forth & enforced by _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does OSHA stand for? |
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Definition
| Occupational Safety & Health Administration |
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Term
| T/F. National accreditation is voluntary. |
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Definition
| True - however, it is mandatory for most third-party reimbursement agencies to meet eligibility for Medicare |
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Term
| What does JCAHO stand for? |
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Definition
| joint commission on the accreditation of health care organizations |
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Term
| What settings does JCAHO accredit? |
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Definition
| hospitals, SNF's, home health , PPO's, rehab facilities, HMO's, behavioral health & chemical dependency facilities, ambulatory clinics, physician networks, hospice, long-term care |
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Term
| What does CARF stand for? |
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Definition
| commission on accreditation of rehabilitation facilities. |
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Term
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Definition
| free-standing rehabilitation facilities & rehab programs of larger hospital systems |
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Term
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Definition
people >65 y.o.
people with permanent kidney failure or other long-term disabilities |
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Term
| The social security amendment of 1983 is based on ______. |
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Definition
DRG (diagnostic related groups)
- hospital is paid a specific amount per diagnosis regardless of length of stay, services rendered, or tests performed |
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Term
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Definition
Hospital stay, SNF stay - skilled first 100 days
HHA, hospice care
Patients who have been on social security disability for 24 months. |
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Term
| What do patients have to pay with Med A? |
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Definition
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Term
| Once accredited, an organization undergoes periodic review, which is typically every ____ years. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| physician visits, outpatient services, ambulance transportation, home health care provided by a PT in an independent practice, DME, medical supplies, residents of long-term care facilities |
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Term
| What are patients required to pay with Med B? |
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Definition
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Term
| Any employers with > ____ employees or high-risk employers must contribute to worker's compensation. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a system whereby providers are paid a certain amount per case no matter how many visits are rendered |
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Term
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Definition
| the provider is at financial risk if services are over-utilized |
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Term
| Must have a _______ Health plan in order to have a health savings account. |
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Definition
| high deductible - covers catastrophic health occurrences |
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Term
| What does HIPAA stand for? |
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Definition
| health insurance and portability accountability act |
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Term
| How long are records usually required to be kept on file? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F. white out is acceptable to use on documentation. |
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Definition
| false. should never be used to correct text in a medical record. |
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Term
| Of the following documents, which are PTA's allowed to complete: progress notes, Re-evaluation/summary progress report, D/C summary. |
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Definition
| progress note; PTA's can write a D/C summary in SOME instances |
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Term
| How often are performance appraisals completed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Differentiate between an essay appraisal and a performance criteria-based method. |
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Definition
essay - a short paragraph on strengths and weaknesses
performance criteria-based - based on functional job description using a weighted rating scale (most important task gets highest rating) |
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Term
| Differentiate between policies & procedures. |
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Definition
policy - broad statements that guide in decision making
procedure - specific guides to job behaviors for all departmental personnel, visitors, & patients that standardize activities with a high level of risk |
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Term
| T/F. Incident reports are not part of the medical record, nor are they referenced in the medical record. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Management by objective - a complete system of management based upon a set of core goals to be accomplished by a program. |
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Term
| Operating budgets are usually planned for a ___ year duration. |
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Definition
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Term
| A budget is planned for capital expenses - what are capital expenses? |
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Definition
| all major renovation expenses or the purchase of equipment that is reusable and will last a minimum of 3 years. Capital budgeting should be part of the strategic plan. |
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Term
| List & describe the two types of expense budgets. |
|
Definition
operating expenses - related to day-day operation of the organization - salaries, benefits, supplies, utilities, linen, housekeeping, maintenance, continuing ed.
capital - purchase of larger items utilized for >3-5 years, such as purchase of new equipment or new buildings - equipment is depreciable & usually costs >$1000 |
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Term
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Definition
| directly associated with the production of a service - salaries, treatment supplies, treatment equipment, continuing ed. |
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Term
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Definition
| necessary to produce a service but indirectly associated with that service - utilities, housekeeping/laundry, marketing services |
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Term
| Differentiate between fixed & variable costs. |
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Definition
fixed - don't change regardless of volume - rent, air conditioning
variable - change with direct proportion to volume of activity - ex. linen & labor costs increase as volume increases |
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Term
| Define discretionary expenses. |
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Definition
| costs which are not essential for providing PT services - include budgeting or continuing ed., recognition activities, etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
money owed to a creditor for services rendered
- a part of the budget where debts are listed. |
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Term
| Define accounts receivable. |
|
Definition
money owed to a company (hospital, PT practice) for providing a service - ex. PT treatment on credit
- an asset expected to benefit future operations |
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Term
| A patient in restraints must be checked on every _____ minutes. |
|
Definition
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Term
| Describe an analytical learning style. |
|
Definition
processes in step-by-step order
perceives information in an objective manner - able to use facts & easily understand relationships between them
learns best with structure, step-by-step learning - may have trouble comprehending the big picture. |
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Term
| Describe an intuitive learning style. |
|
Definition
processes information all at once, in a simultaneous manner, not in an ordered sequence
perceives information in a concrete manner - information is assimilated about practical, real-life experiences
reflects on personal experiences
-learns best if information is connected to personal experiences, presented in practical, real-life context - if not, may be disregarded - may have difficulty ordering steps & comprehending details. |
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Term
| Define inductive reasoning. |
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Definition
observes similarities, can develop theoretical models to explain relationships
making generalizations from single experiences |
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Term
| Define deductive reasoning. |
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Definition
analyzes problems in depth - applies information, theoretical models to practical situations
a conclusion follows from a sound hypothesis |
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Term
| List & describe the 3 phases of motor learning. |
|
Definition
cognitive - learner develops an understanding of the task & cognitively maps out what to do.
associative - determines strategy, practices it, & makes adjustments in how motor skill is performed
autonomous - practiced motor skill to the point that is is automatic - high level skilled performance with few adjustments needed |
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Term
| Describe retention in motor learning. |
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Definition
| patient can repeat skill after a period of no practice, termed the retention interval. |
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Term
| Describe Generalizability in motor learning. |
|
Definition
| adapt the skill to perform other related tasks. |
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Term
| Describe resistance to conceptual change with motor learning. |
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Definition
| acquired capability to perform what is learned in other environments. |
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Term
| What are evidence-based CPG's? |
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Definition
| clinical practice guidelines - systematically developed statements to assist the clinician & patient in decisions about appropriate courses of action. |
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Term
| Describe historical research. |
|
Definition
investigation of a variety of data sources.
primary sources: original documents, eyewitness accounts, direct recordings of event
secondary: description of event by someone other than eyewitness, summary info in textbooks, newspaper accounts
investigates authenticity of data (external criticism & evaluates worth of data (internal criticism) |
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Term
| In experimental research, the alleged cause or treatment (the ______ variable) is manipulated. The effect or difference is the ______ variable. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe a cohort design for experimental research. |
|
Definition
| subjects are identified and followed over time for changes/outcomes following exposure to an intervention - lacks randomization, may or may not have a control group. |
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Term
| Describe A-B, A-B-A, & A-B-A-B experimental designs with single-subjects. |
|
Definition
A-B. pretreatment or baseline phase followed by intervention or treatment phase
A-B-A - baseline, treatment, second baseline
A-B-A-B - baseline, treatment, baseline, treatment |
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Term
| Factorial design refers to the number of ______ variable utilized. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Describe causal-comparative research. |
|
Definition
attempts to define a cause & effect relationship through group comparisons
- ex-post facto research - independent variable has already occurred; cannot be manipulated - or should not be manipulated
groups are compared based on the DEPENDENT variable. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the study of disease frequency and distribution in a community |
|
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Term
| Define the independent & dependent variables. |
|
Definition
independent - the activity or factor believed to bring a out a change in the dependent variable - the cause or treatment
dependent variable - the change or difference in behavior that results from the intervention - the effect |
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Term
| What is a directional hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| generalization that predicts an expected relationship between variables |
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Term
| Define null hypothesis. What are the two outcomes with a null hypothesis. |
|
Definition
no relationship exists between variables - any relationship found is the result of chance or sampling error.
-null hypothesis is rejected - meaning a significant difference was observed between groups or treatments.
-null hypothesis is accepted - no significant difference observed between groups or treatments. |
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Term
| Describe a nominal scale. |
|
Definition
| classifies variables or scores into two or more mutually exclusive categories based on a common set of characteristics - gender, tall or short, etc. |
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Term
| Describe an ordinal scale. |
|
Definition
| ranks variables or scores in terms of the degree to which they possess a common characteristic - ex. ranked by GPA, MMT grades |
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Term
| Describe an interval scale. |
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Definition
| classifies and ranks variables or scores based on predetermined equal intervals - does not have a true zero point - IQ test scores 0-200, temperature scales |
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Term
|
Definition
| classifies and ranks variables or scores based on equal intervals and a true zero point - highest, most precise level of measurement - goniometry, scales for height, weight, or force allow the use of precise physical measures for research. |
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Term
| Define an intervening variable. |
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Definition
| a variable that alters the relationship between the independent and dependent variable - may not be directly observable or easy to control. |
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Term
| Describe systematic sampling. |
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Definition
| individuals are selected from a population list by taking individuals at a specified interval: ex. every 10th name |
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Term
| Describe stratified sampling. |
|
Definition
| individuals are selected from a population from identified subgroups based on some predetermined characteristic |
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Term
|
Definition
| the magnitude of the differences between sample means - allows a statistical test to find a difference when one really exists |
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Term
|
Definition
| the degree to which a study's findings based on a sample apply to an entire population. |
|
|
Term
| Differentiate between internal & external validity. |
|
Definition
internal - the degree to which the observed differences of the dependent variable are the direct result of manipulation of the independent variable.
external validity - the degree to which the results are generalizable to individuals or environmental settings outside of the experimental study |
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Term
|
Definition
| The assumption of validity based on the appearance of an instrument as a reasonable measure of a variable - may be used for initial screening of a test instrument but psychometrically unsound |
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Term
| What is content validity? |
|
Definition
| the degree to which an instrument measures an intended content area |
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Term
| Define concurrent validity. |
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Definition
| the degree to which the scores on one test are related to the scores on another criterion test with both tests being given at relatively similar times - usually involves comparison to the gold standard |
|
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Term
| Define predictive validity. |
|
Definition
| the degree to which a test is able to predict future performance |
|
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Term
| Define construct validity. |
|
Definition
| the degree to which a test measures an intended hypothetical abstract concept |
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Term
| What is split/half reliability? |
|
Definition
| reliability of splitting a test in half and comparing the first half to the second half - a measure of internal consistency of an instrument |
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Term
| What is the Hawthorne effect? |
|
Definition
| the subjects knowledge of participation in a study influences the results of the study. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a test's ability to correctly identify the proportion of individuals who truly have a disease or condition (true positive) |
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Term
|
Definition
| a test's ability to correctly identify the proportion of individuals who do not have a disease or condition (a true negative) |
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Term
| Describe predictive value. |
|
Definition
| a test's ability to estimate the likelihood that a person will test positive for a target condition. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a prospective study - a group of participants with a similar condition is followed for a defined period of time - comparison is to matched group that does not have the condition. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a systematic review free of variations (heterogeneity in the directions and degree of results between individual studies) |
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Term
| Define a case control study. |
|
Definition
| a retrospective study of a group of individuals with a similar condition is compared to a group that does not have the condition to determine factors that may have played a role in the condition. |
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Term
| Case reports are studies of individuals that are almost always ______. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Describe level 1A evidence. |
|
Definition
| SR with homogeneity of multiple RCT's |
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Term
| Describe level 1b evidence. |
|
Definition
| individual RCT with narrow confidence level |
|
|
Term
| Describe level 1c evidence. |
|
Definition
| all or none case series - overwhelming evidence of substantial treatment effect following introduction of a new treatment |
|
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Term
| Describe level 2a & 2b B evidence. |
|
Definition
2a: SR with homogeneity of cohort studies (comparision groups
2b: individual cohort study or low quality RCT - more than 80% follow-up of patients enrolled |
|
|
Term
| Describe level 3a & 3b B evidence. |
|
Definition
3a:SR with homogeneity of case-control studies
3b: individual case-control study
retrospective |
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Term
| Describe level 4 C research. |
|
Definition
case-series & poor quality cohort & case-control studies
largely descriptive |
|
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Term
| Describe level 5 D research |
|
Definition
| expert opinion without explicit critical appraisal based on physiology, bench research, or first principles - observations not made on patients |
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|
Term
| Describe the formula for standard deviation. |
|
Definition
| subtract each score from the mean, square it, add up all the squares, and divide by the number of squares |
|
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Term
| ____% of all scores fall within 1 SD of the mean, ____% within 2, & ______% within 3. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are tests of significance? |
|
Definition
| an estimation of true differences, not due to chance; a rejection of the null hypothesis. |
|
|
Term
| What are degrees of freedom in a study? |
|
Definition
| based on a number of subjects & number of groups - allows determination of level of significance based on consulting appropriate tables for each statistical test |
|
|
Term
| What are type I & type II errors? |
|
Definition
Type I: rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true - differences are due to chance & researcher assumes means of scores are truly different
Type II: accepting the null hypothesis when it is false - means of scores are concluded to be chance when means are truly different |
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|
Term
| What are parametric stats? |
|
Definition
| testing based on population parameters - includes tests of significance based on interval or ratio data |
|
|
Term
| Define a T-test. Differentiate between T-test for independent samples, & T-test for paired samples. |
|
Definition
a parametric test of significance that is used to determine if there is a difference between two groups - can be done when two different groups are matched & tested or if one group is tested twice (pretest/posttest) - only used with ONE independent & ONE dependent variable.
independent: compares difference between two independent groups
paired samples: compares difference between two matched groups, ex. siblings -
one-tailed t-test - based on a directional hypothesis - can only go one way, neg. or positive -
two-tailed - can go either way - either treatment or control group can exhibit better rehab outcomes |
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|
Term
| What are inappropriate uses of t-tests? |
|
Definition
| comparing more than two means within a single sample - ex. 3 modes of exercise are compared within a single sample |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a parametric test used to compare three or more IV's or conditions at a selected probability level
-one-way ANOVA: compares multiple groups on a single IV
-factorial ANOVA - compares multiple groups on two or more independent variables |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a parametric test used to compare two or more treatment groups or conditions while also controlling for the effects of intervening variables (covariates) |
|
|
Term
| What are non-parametric statistics? |
|
Definition
| less powerful than parametric tests - more difficult to reject the null hypothesis |
|
|
Term
| Define a chi-square test. |
|
Definition
| non-parametric statistical test that tells the researcher if the observed pattern, trait or distribution is different than what would have been expected by chance alone. - compares relationships using NOMINAL data |
|
|
Term
| What are correlational statistics? |
|
Definition
| used to determine the relative strength of a relationship between 2 variables |
|
|
Term
| What is a pearson-product-moment coefficient? |
|
Definition
| correlates continuous data with underlying normal distribution on interval or ratio scales |
|
|
Term
| list the difference between discrete & continuous data. |
|
Definition
discrete - only a finite number of values possible
continuous data - all possibilities - usually involved with physical measurement of something. |
|
|
Term
| What is Spearman's rank correlation coefficient? |
|
Definition
| nonparametric test used to correlate ordinal data |
|
|
Term
| What are point & rank biserial correlation tests? |
|
Definition
point - one variable is dichotomous (nominal) & the other is ratio or interval
rank - one variable is dichotomous (nominal) & one is ordinal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intraclass correlation coefficient - reliability coefficient based on ANOVA.
- high correlations >.76
-mod = .51-.75
-fair = .26-.5
-low = 0.0-.25 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
a representation of the degree that variation in one variable is attributable to another variable.
-determined by squaring the correlation coefficient (ex. .7^2 = .49 - common variance is 49%, the variation in one variable can be explained by the other 49% of the time) |
|
|
Term
| Describe linear regression. |
|
Definition
establishes the relationship between two variables as a basis for prediction.
-an examination of two continuous variables that are linearly correlated - variable designated X is IV or predictor variable. Y is dependent or criterion variable
purpose is to generate an equation which relates X to Y, such that if given values of X, Y can be predicted, ex. BP (Y) is examined by age (X); answers question, can systolic BP be predicted from age? |
|
|
Term
| Define quality assurance (QA). |
|
Definition
| evaluates the quality of patient care and assures the accountability of those providing the care. |
|
|
Term
| Define Utilization Review (UR) |
|
Definition
| a written program that assures proper use of a facility's funds and personnel related to medical necessity. |
|
|
Term
| T/F. Interpretation of an examination is within the scope practice of a PTA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. A PTA can make a final house visit for HH PT if the patient care is to be terminated at home. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three things required for negligence to occur? |
|
Definition
Duty
Breach of Duty
Injury |
|
|
Term
| What is the doctrine of respondeat superior? |
|
Definition
| a facility may be responsible for an employee's negligent actions if the facility is expected to benefit from the work of that employee - therefore, the facility as well as the individual may be sued. |
|
|
Term
| In order for Medicare to pay for inpatient PT services, the patient must be seen at least ____ days per week. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Individual Practice Associations - organizations where physicians contract independently with the HMO
Prepaid group plans - physicians practice out of a central location for an HMO |
|
|
Term
| T/F. In Medicare terms, a patient in a vegitative state or severe coma has rehabilitation potential. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A wheelchair ramp, if required, should have a slope of ____ foot of height for every ____ feet of length (__% grade) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medicare defines "daily" as ___ days/wk of skilled nursing and ___ days/wk of skilled therapy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Orders in a SNF need to be re-written every ___ days. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the three educational domains. |
|
Definition
cognitive (knowledge-based teaching)
psychomotor (teaching a motor skill)
affective (emotional attitudes and feelings of a skill) |
|
|
Term
| Knowledge of ____ focuses on consistent errors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Knowledge of ____ focuses on successful movement outcomes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a patient is completing a complex task, which practice is best? |
|
Definition
| distributed - frequent rest periods are needed for complex tasks |
|
|
Term
| After breaking a complex task into component parts that are easier, which practice should be used to practice them? What should you progress to? |
|
Definition
blocked - repeated practice of the same task.
variable - have to make quick adjustments to increase cognitive processing |
|
|
Term
| Which practice should be used to improve performance & reduce anxiety? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. KP & KR are examples of augmented feedback. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define summed & bandwidth feedback. |
|
Definition
Summed - feedback is given after a preset number of task trials
Bandwidth - feedback is only given if a patient gives a performance outside a given acceptable range - can change |
|
|
Term
| What kind of practice is good early on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of practice is good for retention of skills? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is "transfer of learning" |
|
Definition
| learning taking place through practice with contralateral extremity first. |
|
|
Term
| When a test has a high sensitivity, it rules ____ the diagnosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a test has a high Specificity, it rules ___ a diagnosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define likelihood ratio. What does it mean? |
|
Definition
measure of power of sensitivity & specificity - likelihood a patient has a condition
with very high sensitivity, have very LOW likelihood ratio (<.1 rules out diagnosis)
with very high specificity, have a very HIGH likelihood ratio (>10 rules in diagnosis)
anything in between .1-10 is inconclusive |
|
|
Term
| What is an A-B-C single case design? |
|
Definition
A represents the baseline measurement
B represents the first treatment
C represents the second treatment, procedure, or placebo
in this design, it may be difficult to determine how "B" or "C" interacted or what effects both "B" and "C" had separately on the patient, therapist, or department |
|
|
Term
| What is the most appropriate measure of a middle value to use in a skewed distribution with extreme scores? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most appropriate measure of a middle value to use in a skewed distribution with extreme scores? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a confidence interval? |
|
Definition
an estimated range of values, which is likely to include an unknown population parameter, with the estimated range being given from a given set of sample data
example - 95% confidence interval covers 95% of the normal curve - the probability of observing a value outside of this area is less than .05 |
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