Term
| The lateral borders of the trachea run perpendicularly into the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the angle of Louis. |
|
Definition
| (sternal angle) - angle between the sternal manubrium & body - point of attachment of the 2nd rib & tracheal bifurcation |
|
|
Term
| Which ribs are "true", "false", & "floating"? |
|
Definition
1-6 - true single costochondral attachment to sternum
7-10 - false - share costochondral attachments before anchoring to sternum
11-12 - floating - no anterior attachment |
|
|
Term
| T/F. The pharynx is used for both respiration & digestion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The larynx connects the ____ & ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the epiglottis & vocal chords located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the "conducting" airways? |
|
Definition
| trachea to terminal bronchioles - transport air only - no gas exchange |
|
|
Term
| What is the "respiratory unit"? |
|
Definition
| respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, & alveoli - diffusion of gas occurs through all these structures |
|
|
Term
| Describe the anatomy of the R & L lungs. |
|
Definition
R - 3 lobes - has horizontal & oblique fissure - separated into segments, totaling 10.
L lung - 2 lobes, separated by 1 oblique fissure - separated into segments, totaling 8 |
|
|
Term
| Define parietal pleura, visceral pleura, & intrapleural space. |
|
Definition
parietal pleura - covers inner surface of thoracic cage, diaphragm, & mediastinal border of the lung
visceral pleura wraps around the outer surface of the lung, including the fissure lines
intrapleural space is between two pleura - maintains approximation of the ribcage & lungs |
|
|
Term
| Describe the position of the diaphragm at rest & with inspiration. |
|
Definition
at rest - domed
inspiration - flattens - central tendon is pulled downward |
|
|
Term
| Which accessory muscle of inspiration raises the upper two ribs? What about the rest of the ribs? What other muscles can become muscles of inspiration? |
|
Definition
upper 2 - SCM & scalenes
other ribs - levatores costarum & serratus
other muscles - traps, pecs, serratus |
|
|
Term
| List the accessory expiratory muscles. |
|
Definition
| quadratus lumborum, portions of the intercostals, muscles of the abdomen, & triangularis sterni |
|
|
Term
| In patients with spinal cord injury, which positions are most advantageous for them to breathe? Why? |
|
Definition
supine
with a lack of abdominal musculature, the diaphragm is lower in the thorax, decreasing inspiratory reserve - the more upright the body, the lower the diaphragm & the lower the inspiratory capacity
the more supine, the more adventageous the position of the diaphragm
an abdominal binder may help, but ou must be careful not to constrict the thorax. |
|
|
Term
| exhalation = ______ pull of the lung parenchyma. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhalation = _____ pull of the lung parenchyma. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resting end-expiratory pressure - the point at the end of resting tidal expiration where muscular action of pulling inward & outward is balanced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| volume of gas inhaled & exhaled during a normal resting breath. |
|
|
Term
| Define inspiratory reserve volume. |
|
Definition
| volume of gas that can be inhaled beyond a normal resting tidal inhalation |
|
|
Term
| Describe expiratory reserve volume. |
|
Definition
| volume of gas that can be exhaled beyond a normal resting tidal exhalation |
|
|
Term
| Describe residual volume. |
|
Definition
| The amount of gas that remains in the lungs after ERV has been exhaled. |
|
|
Term
| Define insipiratory capacity. |
|
Definition
| IRV + TV: the amt. of air that can be inhaled from REEP. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| IRV+TV+ERV: the amount of air that is under volitional control; conventionally measured as forced expiratory vital capacity |
|
|
Term
| Define functional residual capacity. |
|
Definition
| ERV+RV: the amount of air that rests in the lungs after a normal resting tidal exhalation. |
|
|
Term
| Define total lung capacity. |
|
Definition
| (IRV+TV+ERV+RV): the total amount of air that is contained within the thorax during a maximum inspiratory effort |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
amount of air exhaled in the first second of FVC
in a healthy person, at least 70% of FVC is exhaled within the first second
FEV1/FVC x 100 = 70% |
|
|
Term
| Define forced expiratory flow rate. |
|
Definition
| FEF 25-75% - the slope of a line drawn between the points 25 & 75% of exhaled volume on a forced vital capacity exhalation curve - more specific to smaller airways & shows a more dramatic change with disease than FEV1. |
|
|
Term
| Partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere (PaO2) at sea level is _____. |
|
Definition
| 760 mm Hg x 21% = 159.6 mm Hg |
|
|
Term
| The partial pressure of O2 in the arterial blood depends on the integrity of the pulmonary system, circulatory system, & PaO2. PaO2 at room air is _____ in a young, healthy individual. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define hypoxemia & hyperoxemia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| percentage of O2 in air based on a total of 1.00. FiO2 of room air = 21% O2, or .21 |
|
|
Term
| Supplemental O2 is usually prescribed when the PaO2 falls below ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define pH and list the normal range. |
|
Definition
| concentration of free floating hydrogen ions within the body - normal range for pH is 7.35-7.45 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| partial pressure of carbon dioxide within the arterial blood, usually 35-45 mm Hg |
|
|
Term
| Define hypercapnea & hypocapnea. |
|
Definition
Hypercapnea: PaCO2 >45 mm Hg
Hypocapnea: PaCO2 <35 mm Hg |
|
|
Term
| The normal amount of bicarbonate ions within the arterial blood is usually _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the symbol for Ventilation & Perfusion. Optimal respiration ocurrs when ventilation & perfusion are ______. |
|
Definition
| matched; Ventilation = VE, perfusion = Q |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| well ventilated, but no respiration (gas exchange is occurring) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No respiration occurs because of a ventilation abnormality - complete atelectasis of a respiratory unit allows the blood to travel through the pulmonary capillary without gas diffusion occurring. |
|
|
Term
| Perfusion is _____-dependent. |
|
Definition
| gravity - more pulmonary blood is found at base of lung in upright position. |
|
|
Term
| Which alveoli are full at REEP & which are full at dynamic inspiration? |
|
Definition
REEP - apical alveoli
dynamic inspiration - alveoli at base of lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The gravity independent area of the lung will act as a ______, while the gravity-dependent area of the lung will act as a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you calculate a pack-year? |
|
Definition
| # of packs smoked per day x years smoked |
|
|
Term
| List normal body temperature in terms of Farenheit & Celcius. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What values are considered Tachycardic? Bradycardic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are common cardiac sequelae to chronic lung disease? |
|
Definition
| cor pulmonale (right ventricular dilation & hypertrophy |
|
|
Term
| With obstructive pulmonary disease, the lung recoil force is ______, resulting in what? |
|
Definition
| decreased - barreled chest & increase in A-P dimension. |
|
|
Term
| Intensity of inspiration & expiration will be quieter at the _____ than at the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define vesicular lung sounds. |
|
Definition
| normal breath sound - a soft rustling sound heart throughout all of inspiration & the beginning of expiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a more hollow, echoing sound normally found over only the right superior anterior thorax - corresponds to R main stem bronchus - all of inspiration & most of expiration are heard with bronchial breath sounds |
|
|
Term
| Descreased breath sounds only allow some of _____ to be heard and is usually associated with ____ lung diseases. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does adventitious mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka rales, crepitations
a crackling sound heard usually during inspiration that indicates pathology (atelectasis, fibrosis, pulmonary edema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A musical pitched sound, usually heard during expiration caused by airway obstruction (asthma, COPD, foreign body aspiration
wheezes may be heard on inspiration as well |
|
|
Term
| vocal transmission is loudest near ____ & _____. |
|
Definition
| trachea & main stem bronchus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a nasal or bleating sound heard during auscultation "E" sounds are transmitted to sound like "A". |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by an intense, clear sound during auscultation, even at the lung bases |
|
|
Term
| Define whispered pectriloquy. |
|
Definition
| occurs when whispered sounds are heard clearly during auscultation. |
|
|
Term
| List the change to pH, PaCO2, & HCO3, causes, & S&S of respiratory alkalosis. |
|
Definition
ph - increased
PaCO2 - decreased
HCO3 - no change
Causes: hyperventilation
S&S - dizziness, syncope, tingling, numbness, early tetany |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by an intense, clear sound during auscultation, even at the lung bases |
|
|
Term
| List the change to pH, PaCO2, & HCO3, causes, & S&S of respiratory acidosis. |
|
Definition
pH: decreased
PaCO2: increased
HCO3: no change
Causes: alveolar hypoventilation
S&S: anxiety, restlessness, dyspnea, headache, confusion, somnolence, coma |
|
|
Term
| List the change to pH, PaCO2, & HCO3, causes, & S&S of metabolic alkalosis. |
|
Definition
pH: increases
PaCO2: no change
HCO3: increases
Causes: bicarbonate ingestion, vomiting, diuretics, steroids, adrenal disease
S&S: weakness, mental dullness, early tetany |
|
|
Term
| List the change to pH, PaCO2, & HCO3, causes, & S&S of metabolic acidosis. |
|
Definition
pH: decreased
PaCO2: no change
HCO3: decrease
Cause: Diabetic, lactic or uremic acidosis, prolonged diarrhea
S&S: secondary hyperventilation (Kussmaul breathing), nausea, lethargy, & coma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List normal Hematocrit values. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LIst normal hematocrit values. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LIst Hemoglobin (Hgb) normal values. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the cause of bacterial pneumonia. |
|
Definition
| intra-alveolar bacterial infection |
|
|
Term
| Gram-positive bacteria is usually acquired in the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lis the most common type of gram-positive pneumonia. |
|
Definition
| pneumococcal pneumonia (streptococcal) |
|
|
Term
| Gram-negative bacteria usually develop how? |
|
Definition
| in a host who has underlying chronic debilitating conditions, severe acute illness, & recent antibiotic therapy |
|
|
Term
| List common gram negative bacteria. |
|
Definition
| Klebsiella, Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus, Serratia |
|
|
Term
| Which pneumonia(s) have a productive cough with purulent, blood-streaked, or rusty sputum & Hypoxemia with hypercapnea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of pneumonia has a recent history of URI & dry cough? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the incubation period for TB? HOw long does the primary disease last? What is a post-primary disease infection for TB? When does it occur? |
|
Definition
Incubation period: 2-10 wks
Primary disease lasts 10 days to 2 weeks
Post-primary infection: reactivation of dormant tuberculous bacillus which can occur years after the primary infection
Two weeks on antituberculin drugs renders host non-infectious |
|
|
Term
| How long must medication for TB be taken for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There is an increased incidence of TB in the patient population infected by ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pneumonia has upper lobe involvement with air space densities, cavitation, pleural involvement, & parenchymal fibrosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe pneumocystis pneumonia. |
|
Definition
| pulmonary infection caused by a fungus (Pneumocystis carinii) in immunocompromised hosts - most often found in patients following transplantation, neonates, or patients infected with HIV. |
|
|
Term
| Which pneumonia is characterized by insidious progressive SOB, non-productive cough, & CXR with interstitial infiltrates. |
|
Definition
| PCP - pneumocystis pneumonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
severe acute respiratory syndrome.
- an atypical respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus |
|
|
Term
| Which pneumonia is characterized by high temperature, dry cough, decreased wbc's, platelets, lymphocytes, increased liver function tests, & abnormal CXR with borderline breath sound changes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the 4 stages of COPD. |
|
Definition
Stage 1:
FEV1/FVC <70%
FEV1 >=80% predicted
with or without chronic symptoms
Stage 2:
FEV1/FVC <70%
50% often with symptoms of SOB w/ exertion
Stage 3
FEV1/FVC <70%
30%increased SOB, decreased ex. capacity, & exacerbations of their disease
Stage 4:
FEV1/FVC <70%
FEV1 <30% predicted
FEV1< 50% with chronic respiratory failure symptoms
impaired QOL
exacerbations can be life threatening |
|
|
Term
| which chronic obstructive disease is characterized by increased A-P diameter of chest wall, clubbing, CXR showing hyperinflation, flattened diaphragms, & hyperlucency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of all pulmonary obstructive diseases? |
|
Definition
| decreased FEV1, decreased FVC, increased FRC & RV, & decreased FEV1/FVC ratio |
|
|
Term
| What classification of lung disease is CF? |
|
Definition
| can be obstructive, restrictive, or both |
|
|
Term
| What are clinical signs of CF? |
|
Definition
| meconium ileus, frequent respiratory infections, (esp. Staph & Pseudomonas), inability to gain weight despite caloric intake - dx made postnatally by a blood test showing the presence of trypsinogen or positive sweat electrolyte test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a chronic congenital or acquired disease characterized by abnormal dilation of the bronchi & excessive sputum production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alveolar collapse in a premature infant resulting from lung immaturity, inadequate level of pulmonary surfactant |
|
|
Term
| Which obstructive lung disease is characterized by a CXR with a classic granular pattern (ground glass) cause by distended terminal airways? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define bronchopulmonary dysplasia. |
|
Definition
| sequelae of premature infants with RDS - results from high pressures of mechanical ventilation, high fractions of inspired O2, &/or infection |
|
|
Term
| Which obstructive disease is characterized by a CXR that shows hyperinflation, low diaphragms, atelectasis, and/or cystic changes |
|
Definition
| bronchopulmonary dysplasia |
|
|
Term
| What are the three kinds of restrictive diseases? |
|
Definition
d/t changes in lung parenchyma & pleura
d/t alterations in chest wall
d/t alterations in neuromuscular apparatus? |
|
|
Term
| What causes restrictive disease d/t alterations in lung parenchyma? |
|
Definition
| idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, asbestosis, radiation pneumonitis, oxygen toxicity |
|
|
Term
| What causes restrictive diseases d/t changes in the chest wall? |
|
Definition
| restricted motion of bony thorax (ankylosing spondylitis, arthritis, scoliosis, pectus excavatum, arthrogryposis), integumentary changes to chest wall - thoracic burns, scleroderma |
|
|
Term
| What causes restrictive lung disease d/t alterations in the neuromuscular apparatus? |
|
Definition
| decreased muscular strength seen in MS, muscular dystrophy, SCI, PD, or CVA |
|
|
Term
| Define Bronchogenic carcinoma. |
|
Definition
| tumor arising from the bronchial mucosa |
|
|
Term
| What cell-types are seen in bronchogenic carcinoma? |
|
Definition
| small cell (oat cell) & non-small cell (squamous, adenocarcinoma, & large cell undifferentiated) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 or more fractures in 2 or more adjacent ribs |
|
|
Term
| Define the paradoxical movement of flail ribs. |
|
Definition
| During inspiration, flail section pulled inward; exhalation, flail moves outward |
|
|
Term
| Define pneumothorax & possible causes. |
|
Definition
| air in the pleural apace - usually through a lacerated visceral pleura from a rib fracture or ruptured bullae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood in the pleural space usually from a laceration of the parietal pleura |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excessive seepage of fluid from the pulmonary vascular system into the interstitial space; may eventually cause alveolar edema |
|
|
Term
| Which lung disease is characterized by pink, frothy secretions & a CXR with increased vascular markings, opacities in gravity dependent areas of the lung in a typical butterfly pattern, & atelectasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excessive fluid between the visceral & parietal pleura. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collapsed or airless alveolar unit, caused by hypoventilation secondary to pain during the ventilatory cycle (pleuritis, post-op pain, or rib mucus plugging), external bronchial compression (tumor or enlarged lymph nodes), low tidal volumes, or neuro insult |
|
|
Term
| List three indications for the use of postural drainage. |
|
Definition
| Atelectasis, Increased secretions, & Aspiration |
|
|
Term
| Duration of postural drainage can be up to ______, with ____ of percussion per postural drainage position |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What typically follows positioning & percussion with postural drainage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe how to drain the upper lobe apical segments. |
|
Definition
| Patient in sitting & leans back on pillow 30 deg. against therapist - therapist applies percussion over area between clavicle & top of scapula each side |
|
|
Term
| Describe how to drain the upper posterior lobes. |
|
Definition
| Patient in sitting, flexed forward 30 deg. over pillow - percussion over upper back on both sides |
|
|
Term
| Describe how to drain the upper lobe anterior segments. |
|
Definition
Patient in hooklying (knees bent up with feet on mat) with pillow under knees
percussion between clavicle & nipple bilaterally. |
|
|
Term
| Describe how to drain the RML. |
|
Definition
patient on L side, rotated backwards 1/4 turn with knees flexed - foot of table elevated 16 in.
Percussion over R nipple area - in females - under armpit & fingers forward beneath breast |
|
|
Term
| Describe how to drain the LUL (lingula). |
|
Definition
| Patient on R side, rotated backwards 1/4 turn, with foot of table elevated 16 in. percussion over L nipple area - in women, hand under armpit & fingers extending forward beneath breast |
|
|
Term
| Describe how to drain the lower lobe, anterior basal segments. |
|
Definition
| lie on side opp. the side you need to drain - lie on side with head down & pillow under knees - foot of bed elevated 20 in. |
|
|
Term
| Describe how to drain the lower lobe lateral basal segments. |
|
Definition
| foot of table elevated 20 in. - patient comes up 1/4 turn towards side to be drained from prone with pillow between legs to support - ex. L turn 1/4 up on R side |
|
|
Term
| Describe how to drain the posterior basal segment of the lower lobes. |
|
Definition
| foot of bed elevated 20 deg. - pt. in prone with head down & pillow under hips - percussion over lower ribs close to spine |
|
|
Term
| Describe how to drain superior segments of lower lobes. |
|
Definition
| bed flat - pt. prone with 2 pillows under hips - percussion over middle of back at inf. angle of scap or either side of spine |
|
|
Term
| How many repetitions of shaking are usually performed? |
|
Definition
| 5-10 deep inhalations with shaking is generally accepted |
|
|
Term
| When are huffing & assisted coughing used? |
|
Definition
| huffing - when patients have collapsible airways - prevents high intrathoracic pressure which can cause premature airway closure |
|
|
Term
| describe the different types of suction gauges. |
|
Definition
14 french gauge - adults
10 Fr - older children
5-6 Fr - younger children & infants |
|
|
Term
| Suction is usually set at ____ mm Hg. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal suction time is between ____ sec. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe a flutter device. |
|
Definition
| Acapella device: an independent program using an external device that vibrates the airways on exhalation to improve airway clearance with intermittent PEEP |
|
|
Term
| low pressure PEP masks have low pressures at ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High pressure expiratory masks use pressures between ___-___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List an example of a sustained maximal inspiration technique? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LIst exercise paramaters for patients with lung disease. |
|
Definition
(max HR - resting HR)(40-85%) + resting HR = safe range for exercise intensity
duration of 20-30 minutes of continuous exercise 5x/wk desired before increase in intensity is considered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(inspiratory muscle training)
load the muscles of inspiration by breathing through a series of graded aperture openings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removal of a lobe of a lung |
|
|
Term
| Define Segmental resection. |
|
Definition
| removal of a segment of a lobe. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removal of a portion of a lung without using anatomical divisions |
|
|
Term
| Define large volume reduction surgery |
|
Definition
| removal of large emphysematous, non-functioning areas of the lung in order to restore normal thoracic mobility & improve gas exchange of the healtier remaining lung. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used for most lung resections - incision follows a path of the fourth intercostal space |
|
|
Term
| Describe sympathomimetics. |
|
Definition
| short-acting B-2 agonists - mimics SNS, so increases bronchodilation - can also increase HR & BP - given through metered dose inhaler |
|
|
Term
| List examples of sympathomimetics. |
|
Definition
| Ventolin (albuteral), Alupent (metaproterenol), Maxair (pirbuterol), Serevent (salmetrerol xinafoate) |
|
|
Term
| Describe anticholinergics & list examples. |
|
Definition
| inhibit parasympathetic nervous system - Atrovent (ipratropium |
|
|
Term
| Describe methylxanthines & list examples. |
|
Definition
| produce smooth m. relaxation - limited use secondary to toxicity - aminophylline & theophylline |
|
|
Term
| Describe leukotriene receptor antagonists & list examples |
|
Definition
blocks leukotrienes released in an allergic reaction
montelukast (Singulair) |
|
|
Term
| Describe cromolyn sodium and examples. |
|
Definition
| anti-allergic drug - prevents release of mast cells after contact with allergens - Intal |
|
|
Term
| Describe anti-inflammatories used for lung pathology & examples. |
|
Definition
used to decrease mucosal edema, decrease inflammation, & reduce airway reactivity. - steroids can be administered systemically or topically
Vanceril (beclomethasone, MDI), Azmacort (triamcinolone, MDI) |
|
|
Term
| Define thrush - what causes it? |
|
Definition
| a fungal infection of the mouth & throat - side effect of inhaled steroids |
|
|
Term
| Supplemental O2 increases the FiO2 up to ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Supplemental O2 is indicated if SaO2 is ____ or PaO2 is _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Oxygen is considered a form of medication & must be prescribed by a physician. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List what Hydrostatic pressure d/t aquatic therapy does to IRV, FVC, & work of breathing. |
|
Definition
IRV decreased & FVC decreased
work of breathing increased |
|
|
Term
| Basilar rales often accompany _________. |
|
Definition
| left ventricular heart failure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
continuous, low pitched sonorous sound heard during expiration
- usually indicative of constricted airways due to inflammation, brochospasm, & secretions, as with asthma & chronic bronchitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a continuous adventitious sound heard during inspiration associated with upper airway obstruction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adventitious sound that occurs as a result of the pleural surfaces rubbing together, usually as a result of inflammation or neoplastic processes
may be accompanied by pain on inspiration |
|
|
Term
| Describe treatment for acute exacerbations or development of pneumonia with CF. |
|
Definition
| bronchial hygiene must be performed several times/day (percussion/vibration/shaking/postural drainage) |
|
|
Term
| List energy activities at levels of 1-2 mets, 3-4, 5-6, 6-7, & 7-10 mets. |
|
Definition
1 met - patient can sit & read, walk at 1 mph
2 mets - patient can sit & type, walk at 2 mph or ride bike at 5 mph
3 - patient can golf (with golf cart), walk at 3 mph or ride bike at 6 mph, light weights (2-3 lbs)
4 - slow stair climbing, balance and mat activities with light resistance
4-5 mets - house painting, walking at 3.5 mph or riding bicycle at 8 mph, raking leaves, resistance exercises 10-15 lbs max
5-6 mets - 5 mets required for ADL's, shoveling light soil, horseback riding, light aerobics, walking at 4 mph
6-7 mets - snow shoveling, cycling 11 mph, downhill skiing
7-10 mets - jogging, basketball, vigorous skiing, rapid cycling with hills |
|
|
Term
| List changes to an EKG made by AV blocks. |
|
Definition
ST segment depression (indicates ischemia if >2-3mm) or elevation (indicates new infarct or pericarditis)
inverted T wave (ischemia)
widened QRS (bundle branch block - abnormal delays or failure to conduct electrical signal from atria to ventricles |
|
|
Term
| T/F. percussion and shaking are permissible around a chest tube. |
|
Definition
|
|
