Term
| what does the renal system homeostatically regulate? (6) |
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Definition
1) water content
2) arterial pressure
3) ion levels
4) body pH
5) toxin levels
6) synthesis of red blood cells |
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Term
| is the body an open or closed system? 3 pathways out? |
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Definition
closed.
1) lungs
2) GI system
3) renal system |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| nephron: how is blood involved? |
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Definition
| allows us to make concentrated or dilute urine. capillary blood NEVER enters. we form filtrate extracted from the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how much blood do we have in our body at a time? |
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Definition
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Term
| proximal convoluted tubule |
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Definition
| reabsorbs 66% NaCl, 60% of H2O, 100% glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| when PCT can't reabsorb all the filtered glucose |
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Term
| loop of henle. difference between ascending and descending? |
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Definition
absorbs H2O and NaCl
Descending: H2O via osmosis
Ascending: NaCl via active transport |
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Term
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Definition
| impermeable to H2O, actively transports Na+, contributes to osmodic gradient |
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Term
| what affects the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct? |
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Definition
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Term
| anti-diruetic hormone (ADH), where is it produced? what does it do? |
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Definition
| produced by posterior pituitary gland, allows us to produce very concetrated urine. promotes water absorption by DCT and collecting duct. |
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Term
| affects of caffeine and alcohol |
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Definition
| inhibits effects of ADH, encourages production of urine |
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Term
| aldosterone. role of jextaglomenclar apparatus |
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Definition
| released in response to decrease in blood volume. produced by adrenal glands. blood volume is monitored by JGA. |
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Term
| how JGA works to release aldosterone |
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Definition
| JGA releases renin, which cuts angiotensinogen. this becomes angiotensin I, then angiotensin II, this stimulates adrenal glands, which releases aldosterone |
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Term
| 3 roles of reproductive system |
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Definition
1) produces gametes (sperm and ova)
2) contributes to genetic diversity
3) recreation |
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Term
|
Definition
| individual produces clones, low genetic diversity |
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Term
| haploid cells vs diploid cells |
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Definition
haploid: 23 chromosomes
diploid: 46 chromosomes |
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Term
| meiosis. difference between males and females? |
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Definition
production of gametes (sperm and ova)
females: produce few high quality ova
males: produce many high quality sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| gamete producing parts (testes and ovaries) |
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Term
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Definition
| give "maleness" (encodes TDF). shows itself at around 7 weeks of fetal development |
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Term
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Definition
| secretion, high in fructose and prostaglandins |
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Term
|
Definition
| storage and maturation of sperm |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| secretes mucus for lubrication |
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Term
| how much sperm created per day? how much released in one ejaculation? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| site of oogenesis, produces gametes, estrogen, and progesterone |
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Term
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Definition
| fallopian tube - where fertilization takes place |
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Term
| # of eggs in developing fetus, following birth, puberty, and lifetime |
|
Definition
6-7 million
1 million
300K
400 ovulated |
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Term
|
Definition
| death of oocytes (99.97% over lifetime) |
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Term
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Definition
| peri, myo, endometrium (In to out) |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| how long sperm can survive in female reproductive system |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| secretes estrogen and progesterone |
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Term
|
Definition
| surge of lutenizing hormone (LH) |
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Term
|
Definition
| when sperm and egg meet (fertilization of ovum) |
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Term
| role of human chronic gonadotropin (HCG) |
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Definition
| maintains endometrium lining (1-3 months) |
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Term
| how do pregnancy tests work? |
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Definition
| detects levels of HCG in blood or urine |
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Term
| 2 main roles of immune system |
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Definition
| protects body from invaders (bacteria, virus, worms, pollen) and from cells that go bad (cancerous) |
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Term
|
Definition
| autonomical, quick-acting |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| phagocytotic (50-60% of cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| worms, chemicals (cytokinesis - inflammatory) 1-2% of cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| rare .5% release histamine and heparin (helps with blood viscosity) |
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Term
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Definition
| immature form. migrates to other tissues (macrophage), phagocyte |
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Term
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Definition
| adaptive immune response. produces antibodies. stores "memories" of invaders. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
antibody-mediated (b-cells)
cell-mediated (thymus) |
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Term
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Definition
1) mark an invader
2) turn on complement system
3) bacteria clumps in presence of AB (inhibits bacterial growth)
4) specific AB acts as a receptor |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted in plasma of blood |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| secreted in mucous membranes, urogenital tract, tears, and milk |
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Term
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Definition
| controls the cell-mediated response, controls all immune responses |
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Term
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Definition
| kill other cells, releases chemicals right next to cells (virus-infected cells and cancer cells) |
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Term
| helper or regulating t-cells, 3 main roles |
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Definition
control all immune responses
1) enhance abilities of b-cells to secrete antibodies
2) release chemicals that attract immune cells to injury/infection site
3) releases chemicals involved in activation of t/b-cells |
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Term
| suppressor t-cells, main role, consequence of failing? |
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Definition
| in charge of shutting down immune responses, its failure to work could cause autoimmune diseases |
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