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(1624-1689)
Called the "English Hippocrates" and "Father of English Medicine"
Wrote "Observations of Medicine"
Ideological Contributions: A comprehensive classification of disease can be constructed through observation. Observing patients at bedside is important. |
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Italian Anatomist, celebrated as the father of modern anatomical pathology.
Ideological Contributions: Post mortem observation of bodies (dissection) provides knowledge about pathology and cause of death |
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Swedish Botanist who laid the foundations for classification of species.
Ideological contributions: Binomial nomenclature, genus and species definitions, father of modern taxonomy.
Points towards potential for similar classification of pathology. |
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Text: Nosologia Methodica
Contributions: Produced classification system for disease based on Sydenham's assumptions. Developed ten classes of disease. (Descriptive rather than etiological approach to diagnosis classification) |
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| Developed Biostatistical theory of disease. |
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| Biostatstical Theory of Disease |
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• Diseases are value neutral and a diseased state is best explained by what functions are typical for an individual of that species.
o Reference class: a specific group defined (usually by age, sex, and species)
o Normal function: statistically typical distribution
o Disease: type of internal state which is either an impairment of normal functional abilities, below typical efficiency, or a limit on functional ability caused by surroundings
o Health = the absence of disease |
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| The systematic classification of diseases |
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| Dis-ease; lack of comfort |
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| Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) |
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| Medical text that lists all possible medical procedures. Related to ability to get money from insurance companies for medical procedures. Political economy surrounds what is and isn't included in the text. |
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| International Classification of Disease (ICD) |
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| Text that categorizes all possible diseases/maladies that could exist. Includes injuries and types of death (There is a code for suffocating on a sandwich) |
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| present, if and only if, a person has a condition, other than a rational belief or desire, such that they are suffering, or at an increased risk of suffering, an evil (death, pain, disability, loss of freedom or opportunity, loss of pleasure) in the absence of a distinct sustaining cause. |
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| Soundness of body, "a state of complete mental, physical, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity" |
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| The individual presentation of a malady. (Doctors do not encounter diseases, the encounter illnesses in individual patients) More closely associated with appearance and symptoms than etiology. |
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| Underlying individual construct, postulated derangement producing specific symptoms in a patient. |
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| An illness is the manifestation of poor health while a disease is the cause of it. disease is a process but illness is not. Disease is more social and general, illness more individual. |
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| Underlying individual construct, postulated derangement producing specific symptoms in a patient. |
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| An illness is the manifestation of poor health while a disease is the cause of it. disease is a process but illness is not. Disease is more social and general, illness more individual. |
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| Metaphysical Presuppositions |
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| Assume things about the nature of reality |
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| Epistemological Presuppositions |
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| Assume things about the process and nature of knowledge and knowledge productions |
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| Axiological Presuppositions |
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| Assume things about valuations, including what is valued, how it is valued, and what ascribing value means |
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Applies biology to psychosocial environments.
It's necessary to understand broad social phenomena in order to understand how health and disease are dealt with in particular cultures. |
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Wrote: "Illness, Disease, and Morbice"
Key to understanding medical systems is morbidity (The having of an illness). Morbidity is something patients have and non-patients do not have. |
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| Wrote about assuming the sick role |
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| Wrote about the domain of explanation |
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| That which needs to be explained |
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| That which needs to be manipulated |
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| Previously meant Islamic scholar, now it's just a polite way of addressing a man. |
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| 19th century Fulani man. Became a scholar, traveled widely, and stirred up unrest in Hausa cities, causing a domino effect where Fulani rulers were set up as rules over Hausa land but adopted a lot of their customs anyway (analogy made to Norman kings of England) |
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| Cattle herders of West Africa. Fulani language totally distinct from Hausa language, but Fulani culture similarly effected by Islam. |
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| The empire set up by the Fulani Kings in Hausa land. |
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| Groups in Hausa land that adhere to pre-Islamic religion. Oppressed by Muslim rulers, later accept assistance from christian missionaries. |
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| Household; basic unit of Hausa society, a man and his wife or wives (and children, etc.) Impoverished people may live in a household as an act of generosity. |
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| Wife seclusion. Once a woman is married she belongs to the household and can only ever leave with a sanctioned chaperone (and this doesn't happen much). Young girls can go out as much as they like, and so can post-menopausal women. Poor women sometimes have to leave the household to work but it's considered an embarrassment. |
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| Women sell snacks and prepared food by making them inside the household and then giving them to their daughters to sell door to door. |
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| From an Arabic loan word. ubiquitous in Hausa language. Generally translated as "health" but really means well being, balance, stability, the proper order of things, etc. |
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| Strength, Vigor, Energy (The motive or force behind Lafiya) |
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| "For something to be scientific it has to be falsifiable" |
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Called "The Founder of Medical Anthropology"
Wrote: "Medicine, Magic, and Religion" |
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| Rivers' 3 Major Categories for illness causation |
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| Human Agency, Spiritual/Supernatural, Naturally Occurring |
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| The Brain in Hausa Culture |
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| Seat of a person's senses and logic. "The brain is the person" (However, without the brain a person's body doesn't die, their self is just not there.) |
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| The Heart in Hausa Culture |
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| Seat of the emotions and life force. If the heart stops working, the mind AND the body die. |
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| The Digestive System in Hausa Culture |
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| Two Separate Streams: Liquid and solid. Solids go through much as we understand them to, but liquids go through the lungs, liver, etc and keep everything moist before leaving the body as urine. |
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| Surgical procedure performed by barbers to remove dead blood from the body. |
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| An Accumulation of dead blood in the body that causes sickness. Any kind of wasting is called Shawara, and many types (including "yellow" shawara) are associated with hepatitis. |
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| The accumulation of too much cold/phlegm |
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| A particular spirit who lives in the bush. if you can catch him and persuade him to come live with you you will gain great wealth/success, but in return you have to feed him the souls of your friends and relatives. |
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| Loan word from Arabic (Jinn), Koranic spiritual beings |
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| Indigenous Hausa word for spirits, has to do with wind |
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| Medicine (or really, remedy, it can be used to describe a lot of other things "a blanket is medicine for cold") |
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| Six Fundamental Presuppositions of Hausa Medical Practice |
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1. Allah is the one god, cause of everything that happens.
2. Allah made himself known through prophets, including Mohammed.
3. Subordinate to allah are beings called Aljannu that might have relationships with humans
4. Lafiya depends on an individual's ability to live in balance with surroundings. Sickness is a disruption of that balance.
5. For each illness, Allah has ordained a remedy according to his will.
6. The ingredients of medicines lie in repositories for power in the world (Nature and other things created by god) |
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| Renaissance chemical therapy for diseases. Doctrine of signatures |
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| For every illness god has created a remedy. if you can read the illness' signature, you can find the remedy |
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| God is said to have 99 names, herbalists say best medicines have 99 ingredients. |
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| Cure-all water from meccah |
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| Hot spicy substances to ward of cold and create sexual heat |
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| The Bush is associated with wilderness, danger, secrets, pagan spirits, and strangeness, while the village is associated with order and civilization, islam, safety, openness, and accessibility |
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| Means "going away in the rainy season" and refers to a type of disease children often get in the rainy season that causes them to die (malaria) |
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| The color of blood; life force, power, severity. Red substances are used for disorders of the blood. |
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| The color of breastmilk, semen; associated with goodness and fertility; happiness, pleasant disposition, etc; medicines that are made with white substances produce positive effects. |
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| The color of excrement; death, sorrow, repulsion, evil, darkness; black substances often a part of sorcery or other dark medicines |
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| Associated with Shawara, yellow medicines used to treat shawara (because of jaundice) |
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| "Forget your mother" a medicine with attractive properties |
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| Possessor of medicine (because of, say, a family recipe) |
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| Wholesale Medicine Sellers |
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| Sells prepared medicines, travels village to village, often scammers |
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| Mallam (medical practitioner) |
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| Islamic Scholar who gives Koranic charms and verses to heal people |
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| Barber (duties) (Seven Total) |
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| Shaves heads of men and boys, cupping, uvulectomy, cutting vagina in obstructed labor, tattooing, circumcision, small pox inoculation (in the past) |
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| Children of the Bori (Very similar to Zar spirits we learned about in GCM) |
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| "Laying down" of pregnancy, pregnancy goes dormant and baby ceases to grow. Explanation for infertility. |
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| "Boiling" the Bori initiation ceremony |
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| King in the region EP stayed in. Was killed by the British. The Azande viewed his rule as a golden age. |
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| Witchcraft (Hausa v. Azande) |
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| For the Hausa it is secret and feared, and not really spoken about. For the Azande it's an everyday part of life. |
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