Term
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Definition
| a woman who has completed two or more pregnancies to 20 or more weeks of gestation |
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Term
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Definition
| a pregnancy from the completion of 37 weeks of gestation to the end of week 42 of gestation |
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Term
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Definition
| number of pregnancies in which the fetus or fetuses have reached 20 weeks of gestation when they are born |
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Term
| What are the 5 letters in the five-digit system and what do they stand for? |
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Definition
| G-gravidity, T-term, P-preterm, A-abortions, L-living children |
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Term
| What is a limitation of the five-digit system? |
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Definition
| it provides information about births and not pregnancies reaching 20 weeks of gestation |
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Term
| What is the earliest biochemical marker for pregnancy? |
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Definition
| human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
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Term
| When does the level of hCG peak? |
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Definition
| about 60-70 days of gestation then declines until about 80 days of pregnancy |
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Term
| What does a slow increase or decrease in hCG levels indicate? |
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Definition
| ectopic pregnancy or impending miscarriage |
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Term
| What is the most popular method of testing for pregnancy? |
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Definition
| Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) |
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Term
| What kind of urine specimen is needed for a pregnancy test, and why? |
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Definition
| first-voided morning, because it has higher levels of hCG than random voided |
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Term
| Why is important to know what medications the woman is taking before she takes a pregnancy test? |
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Definition
| certain medications can cause false-positive or negative results |
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Term
| What are presumptive signs of pregnancy? |
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Definition
| those that the woman notices |
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Term
| What are probably signs of pregnancy? |
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Definition
| those that the physician notices |
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Term
| When does uterine enlargement become the result of pressure exerted by the fetus? |
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Definition
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Term
| When can the uterus be palpated? |
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Definition
| between the 12th and 14th weeks |
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Term
| When does lightening occur? |
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Definition
| 2 weeks before onset of labor in nullipara and start of labor in multipara |
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Term
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Definition
| softening and compressibility of the lower uterine segment- occurs at 6 weeks and what causes urinary frequency |
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Term
| Why are Braxton Hicks contractions important? |
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Definition
| stimulate blood flow through the intervillous spaces of the placenta thereby promote oxygen delivery to the fetus |
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Term
| What is the uterine souffle? |
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Definition
| sound made by blood in the uterine arteries that is synchronous with the maternal pulse |
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Term
| What is the funic souffle? |
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Definition
| sound made by blood rushing through the umbilical vessels and synchronous with the fetal heart rate |
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Term
| What is the Goodell sign and when can it be observed? |
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Definition
| softening of the cervical tip- beginning of sixth week |
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Term
| How does the external os appear after childbirth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is quickening and why is it important? |
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Definition
| the increase in intensity and frequency of fetal movement- provides tentative clue in dating duration of gestation |
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Term
| Why is ballottement done? |
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Definition
| to detect passive movement of unengaged fetus |
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Term
| What is the Chadwick sign and when is it easily noted? |
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Definition
| vaginal mucosa and cervix turn bluish- 8 weeks |
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Term
| What kind of pattern is seen in the dried mucoid discharge (leukorrhea)? |
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Definition
| beaded or cellular crystallizing |
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Term
| What is the role of the operculum (mucous plug)? |
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Definition
| acts as a barrier against bacterial invasion during pregnancy |
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Term
| When does sexual interest usually peak? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do the breasts change early in pregnancy? |
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Definition
| increased levels of estrogen and progesterone |
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Term
| What is the role of the Montgomery tubercles during pregnancy? |
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Definition
| play a protective role in breastfeeding |
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Term
| Who is venous congestion in the breast more obvious in? |
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Definition
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Term
| When is the earliest colostrum can be expressed from the nipples? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is lactation inhibited until after birth? |
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Definition
| because estrogen levels decrease after birth |
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Term
| What are changes seen in the heart during pregnancy? |
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Definition
| heart is elevated, pulse inc. about 10-15 beats, may have murmurs or arrhythmias |
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Term
| Why might pregnant women develop dependent edema, varicose veins in legs, or hemorrhoids? |
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Definition
| because uterus compresses iliac veins and inferior vena cava which reduces blood flow to legs |
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Term
| What maintains the normal blood pressure despite the increased blood volume in pregnancy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What maintains the normal blood pressure despite the increased blood volume in pregnancy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is it called when the plasma increase exceeds the increase in RBC production, which results in a decrease of hemoglobin and hematocrit values? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do conditions such as nasal stuffiness, epistaxis, and earaches occur during pregnancy? |
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Definition
| because the upper respiratory tract becomes more vascular in response to elevated levels of estrogen |
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Term
| What are respiratory changes in pregnancy related to? |
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Definition
| elevation of the diaphragm and chest wall changes |
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Term
| What effects does the increased BMR have on pregnant women? |
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Definition
| heat intolerance, fatigability, greater need for sleep |
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Term
| What alterations in the acid-base balance indicate that pregnancy is a state of compensatory respiratory alkalosis? |
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Definition
| dec in partial pressure of CO2, inc in tidal volume, bicarbonate dec, and pH inc slightly |
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Term
| What changes in the renal system result in a large volume of urine held in the pelves and ureters and the urine flow rate to slow? |
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Definition
| renal pelves and ureters dilate, ureters elongate |
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Term
| When is renal function most and least efficient for the pregnant woman? |
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Definition
| when the woman is in a lateral recumbent position, when the woman is supine |
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Term
| What are two consequences of using diuretics during pregnancy? |
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Definition
| severe hypovolemia, reduced placental perfusion |
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Term
| What is hyperpigmentation stimulated by during pregnancy? |
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Definition
| anterior pituitary hormone melanotropin |
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Term
| How often does chloasma appear in pregnant women? |
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Definition
| in about 50-70% of pregnant women |
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Term
| Why do vascular spiders and palmar erythema occur? |
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Definition
| increased estrogen levels |
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Term
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Definition
| red, raised nodule on the gums that bleed easily |
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Term
| What is diastasis recti abdominis? |
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Definition
| when the rectus abdominis muscles seperate |
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Term
| What causes carpal tunnel syndrome during the last trimester? |
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Definition
| edema involving the peripheral nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| numbness and tingling of the hands is caused by the stoop-shouldered stance |
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Term
| When does morning sickness occur? |
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Definition
| about 4 to 6 weeks and subsides by end of third month |
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Term
| What are nonfood cravings called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How often do hiatal hernias occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What accounts for the development of gallstones during pregnancy? |
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Definition
| hypercholesterolemia, decreased muscle tone, inc emptying time and thickening of bile |
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Term
| What does intrahepatic cholestasis result in? |
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Definition
| pruritus gravidarum with or without jaundice |
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Term
| What are the elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone produced by? |
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Definition
| corpus luteum in ovary, then placenta at 14 weeks |
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Term
| What is serum prolactin responsible for? |
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Definition
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Term
| When are the needs for growth of the fetal skeleton the greatest? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of cortisol decreasing the mother's ability to use insulin? |
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Definition
| pretective mechanism that ensures an ample supply of glucose for the needs of the fetoplacental unit |
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