Term
| Emerges from interaction of individual with task and environment |
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Definition
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Term
| A complex interaction of musculoskeletal and neural systems |
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Definition
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Term
| Controlling body's position in space for stability and orientation |
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Definition
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Term
| Ability to maintain an appropriate relationship among body segments, and betweent he body and the environment |
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Definition
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Term
| Antigravity support is organized at _ level |
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Definition
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Term
| "balance", ability to maintain body in equilibrium, maintain COM over BOS |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 aspects of postural stability |
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Definition
1. Static equilibrium
2. Dynamic equilibrium
3. Organized at higher levels (brainstem, cerebellum) |
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Term
| Specific orientation and stability requirements vary according to what 2 things? |
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Definition
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Term
| Strategies used to accomplish postural control must adapt to varying _ and _ demands |
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Definition
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Term
| Point at the center of the total body mass |
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Definition
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Term
| COM is at what percentage of standing height in males |
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Definition
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Term
| COM is at what percentage of standing height in females? |
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Definition
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Term
| Center of distribution of total force applied to supporting surface |
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Definition
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Term
| The vertical projection of the center of mass to the ground |
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Definition
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Term
| Relationship between COM, COG, and COP provides better insight into stability than either _, _, or __ alone |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the normal anteroposterior sway at quiet stance in young adults? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the normal mediolateral sway at quiet stance in young adults? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where the trunk sways around the ankle joint like a pendulum. |
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Definition
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Term
| Area within which body can maintain position without changing BOS |
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Definition
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Term
| Change according to characteristics of individual, task, and environment |
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Definition
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Term
| Distance a person is willing and able to move without losing balance and stepping |
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Definition
| Perceived stability limits |
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Term
| Varies greatly between individuals; decreases with age in adults |
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Definition
| Perceived stability limits |
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Term
| Interaction between COM position and velocity determine _ vs _ |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 things required by postural control. |
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Definition
1. Integration of sensory information to assess the position and motion of the body in space.
2. Ability to generate and coordinate forces for conrolling body position.
3. Adaptive postural control
4. Anticipatory postural control |
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Term
| Modify sensory and motor systems in response to changing task and environmental demands |
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Definition
| Adaptive Postural Control |
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Term
| Prepare sensory and motor systems for postural demands based on previous experience and learning. |
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Definition
| Anticipatory Postural Control |
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Term
| What 2 parts of the brain control higher level planning |
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Definition
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Term
| What 2 parts of the brain control coordination |
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Definition
Brainstem
Spinal networks coordinating muscle response synergies |
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Term
| What controls the generation of movement? |
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Definition
| Muscles and motor neurons |
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Term
| Ideal __ allows maintenance of equilibrium with least energy expenditure |
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Definition
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Term
| Force with which muscle resists lengthening; stiffness |
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Definition
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Term
| Increased level of activity in certain antigravity muscles throughout the body to counteract gravity in upright positions |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 2 inputs that influence postural tone |
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Definition
| Somatosensory and vestibular inputs |
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Term
| Name 2 postural movement strategies used to maintain equilibrium in dynamic situations. |
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Definition
1. Reactive (feedback) control (automatic postural response)
2. Proactive (feedforward) control (anticipatory postural adjustments) |
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Term
| In response to external disturbances. During gait and with disruptions to gait cycle. |
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Definition
| Reactive (feedback) control (automatic postural responses) |
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Term
| To prevent disturbance, prior to voluntary movement. During voluntary COM movements in stance. |
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Definition
| Proactive (feedforward) control (anticipatory postural adjustments) |
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Term
| What muscles are activated during forward sway ankle strategy |
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Definition
Gastrocs
Hamstrings
Paraspinals |
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Term
| What muscles are activated during backward sway ankle strategy |
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Definition
tibialis anterior
quads
abdominals |
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Term
| This strategy is used most often when on firm surface, with small perturbations |
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Definition
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Term
| Large, rapid movement at hips, with antiphase (opposite direction) rotation at the ankles |
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Definition
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Term
| What muscles are activated during forward sway hip strategy |
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Definition
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Term
| What muscles are activated during backward sway hip strategy |
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Definition
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Term
| Strategy used most often in response to larger, faster perturbations, when on compliant surface, or when surface is smaller than the feet. |
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Definition
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Term
| When "in place" strategies are insufficient to recover balance, individual takes a step or reaches to realign BOS under COM |
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Definition
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Term
| This movement is primarily at the hips, hip muscles are activated before ankle muscles, and smooth matched unloading and loading of LEs |
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Definition
| Mediolateral Stability in Stance |
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Term
| Flexible and alter in a task-dependent manner |
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Definition
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Term
-Easily shift from one strategy to another as needed
-Constantly modulate amplitudes of postural responses, according to context
-With repeated exposure, modulate amplitude of response to optimize efficiency |
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Definition
| Adapting motor strategies |
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Term
| Not organized at the spinal level, but is controlled by higher centers, such as the brainstem and cerebellum |
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Definition
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Term
| In order to know when and how to apply restoring forces, the CNS must have an accurate picture of where the body is in space and whether it is what or what? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 roles of sensory systems |
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Definition
1. Pick up info from environment
2. Develop internal representations (central processes)
3. Trigger pro-active (anticipatory) and reactive (automatic) balance responses |
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Term
| 3 senses that are typically used for postural control |
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Definition
1. Visual
2. Somatosensory (Proprioceptive, cutaneous, and joint receptors)
3. Vestibular |
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Term
| Provides information about verticality and motion in the visual field. It is not always necessary and not always an accurate source of information about self-motion vs. object motion |
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Definition
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Term
| Provides information about body's position in space with reference to support surface, and relationship of body segments to each other |
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Definition
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Term
| Contains muscle spindles, GTOs, joint receptors, cutaneous mechanoreceptors. It is not as useful when the surface is moving relative to body, or when the surface is not horizontal |
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Definition
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Term
| Provides information about position and motion of head with respect to gravity and intertia. |
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Definition
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Term
| It is important in distinguishing object motion vs self motion. Alone, it cannot provide accurate information about how body is moving in space. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 4 sensory strategies during quiet stance |
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Definition
1. Proprioception from all parts of the body is used
2. Even light touch (on stable surface) can reduce postural sway
3. Vision not necessary, but does contribute to postural control
4. In general all three senses contribute to postural control in quiet stance |
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Term
| What type of information is fastest during perturbed stance? |
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Definition
| Somatosensory (80-100 msec muscle response latency vs 200 msec for vision_) |
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Term
| Adults and children over 7 years old rely most on what type of information during perturbed stance? |
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Definition
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Term
| Children under 7 rely most on what 2 systems during perturbed stance? |
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Definition
| Somatory sensory or vestibular |
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Term
| Gain or importance of any of the senses depends on its accuracy as a reference for body motion |
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Definition
| Sensory reweighting hypothesis |
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Term
| A response based on anticipation of what is required for task |
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Definition
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Term
| CNS preprograms are based on what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What muscles are activated before prime movers? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 2 phases of anticipatory muscle activation |
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Definition
1. Preparatory phase
2. Compensatory phase |
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Term
| This phase includes postural muscles activated 50 msec in advance |
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Definition
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Term
| This phase includes postural muscles activated again after prime movers |
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Definition
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Term
| Adapt to conditions of the task. Also adapts to amplitude of response according to size of anticipated disturbance. |
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Definition
| Anticipatory Postural Control |
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Term
| Including a 2nd task increases sway, but decreases sway if visual focus on second task is aided |
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Definition
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Term
| __ effects are small unless postural system is stressed and secondary task is complex |
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Definition
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