Term
| Nomadic People and their Animals |
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Definition
| drove their herds and flocks to lands with abundant grass and then moved them along as the animals thinned the vegetation; followed migratory cycles that took account of the seasons and local climatic conditions; lived mostly off the meat, milk, and hides of their animals; lived in collapsible felt yurts; small-scale cultivation; produced limited amounts of pottery, leather goods, iron weapons, and tools; |
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Term
| Nomadic and Settles Peoples |
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Definition
| nomads sought opportunities to trade with settled peoples; nomads also participated in long-distance trade; |
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Term
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Definition
| two social classes, nobles and commoners; nobles did little governing; nobles wielded absolute authority during times of war; nobility was a fluid class; noble status was passed down but heirs could lose their status; commoners could become nobles; |
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Term
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Definition
| revolved around shamans; shamans were religious specialists who possessed supernatural powers, communicated with the gods and nature spirits, invoked divine aid on behalf of their communities, and informed their companions of their gods' will; many Turks converted to Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, or Manichaeism by the 6th century; over time most Turks converted to Islam |
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Definition
| nomadic people wielded enormous military power when organized on a large scale; superior equestrian skills |
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Term
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Definition
| controlled the actual governance of the Abbasid state during the last two centuries; defeated the Byzantine army in 1071 and took control of Anatolia; |
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Term
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Definition
| asserted their authority over the Punjab, Gujarat, and Bengal; sultans faced constant challenges from Hindu princes; maintained an enormous army; Mahmud of Ghazni launched frequent raids on Buddhist and Hindu shrines, temples, and monasteries; encouraged conversion to Islam |
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Term
Chinggis Khan (Temüjin)
"universal ruler" |
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Definition
| brought all the Mongol tribes into a single confederation; established a capital at Karakorum; |
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Term
The Mongols
(Before Chinggis Khan's death) |
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Definition
| Temüjin brought all the Mongol tribes into a single confederation; capital at Karakorum; much stronger than any earlier nomadic confederation; less troubled by conflicts; outstanding equestrian skills; understood the psychological dimensions of warfare; ruthlessly slaughtered whole populations when faced with resistance; began invading the Jurchen realm of China in 1211; largely established control over northern China by 1220; seized control of Afghanistan and Persia after Khwarazm shah's death; |
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Term
The Mongols
(after Chinggis Khan's death) |
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Definition
| consolidation of Mongol rule in China; Khubilai Khan promoted Buddhism; established the Yuan dynasty in China; the Golden Horde invaded Russia (1237-1241), Poland, Hungary, and eastern Germany(1241--1242); Hülegü toppled the Abbasid empire; tolerated all religions; outlawed intermarriage between Chinese and the Mongols; secured trade routes and ensured the safety of merchants; |
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Term
Bubonic Plague
The Black Death |
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Definition
| 1330s southwestern China; late 1340s southwest Asia and Europe; |
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Tamerlane the Whirlwind
The Lame Conqueror |
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Definition
| self-made Turkish conqueror; attacked Persia and Afghanistan; attacked the Golden Horde; invaded India; |
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Term
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Definition
| controlled the Balkan peninsula; took over the Byzantines; Sultan Mehmed II captured Constantinople; conquered southwest Asia, southeastern Europe, Egypt, and north Africa; |
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