Term
| Population (151; also Ch. 13, 393) |
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Definition
| group of individuals who have the same characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| aka sampling frame: a group of individuals (or a group of organizations) with some common defining characteristic that the researcher can identify |
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Term
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Definition
| a subgroup of the target population that the researchers then select a sample for study |
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Term
| simple random samping (153) |
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Definition
the reseacher selects participants (or units, such as schools) for the sample so that any individual has an equal probability of being selectd from the population
must have a Random Numbers Table |
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Term
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Definition
| you choose every nth individual or site in the population until you reach your desired sample size |
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Term
| stratifies sampling (154) |
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Definition
| reseachers divide (stratify) the population on some specific characteristic (e.g. gender) and then using simple random sampling, sample from each subgroup (stratum) of the population (e.g., females and males) |
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Term
| multistage cluster sampling (155) |
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Definition
| the researcher chooses a sample in two or more stages because either the researchers cannot easily identify the population or the population is extremely large |
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Term
| nonprobability sampling (155) |
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Definition
| the researcher selects individuals because they are available, convenient and represent some characteristics the investigator seeks to study |
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Term
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Definition
| resarcher selects participants bc they are willing and available to be studied |
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Term
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Definition
| the researcher asks participants to identify other to become members of the sample |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference between the sample estimate and the true population score |
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Term
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Definition
| a tool for measuring, observing or documenting quantitative data. Identified before the researchers collect datea, the instrument may be a test, questionnaire, tally sheet, log, observational checklist, inventory, or assessment instrument |
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Term
| choosing and modifying an instrument (167-169) |
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Definition
locating and existing instrument, obtaining permission to change it, and making changes in it to firt your requirments
developing steps: indentifying the purpose of the instrument, reviewing the literature, writing the questions, and testing the questions with individuals similar to those you plan to study (validating an instrument) |
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Term
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Definition
| score from the instrument are stable and consistent |
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Term
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Definition
| the individual's socres from an instrument make sense, are meaningful and enable you, as the researcher to draw good conclusions from the sample you are studying to the population |
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Term
| nominal scales (categorical scales) |
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Definition
provide response options where participants check one or more categories that describe their traits, attributes or characteristics
gender
yes, no response list |
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Term
| semantic differential scale |
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Definition
| bipolar adjectives that the participant uses to check his or her position (teenagers record their mood: alert vs. drowsy) |
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Term
| ordinal scales (ranking scales or categorical scales) |
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Definition
| provide response options where participants rank from best or most important to worst or least important some trait, attribute or characteristic, information is categorical in a ranked order |
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Term
| interval scales (rating scales or continuous scales) |
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Definition
| provide continuous response options to questions with assumed equal distances between options (ie Likert scale) |
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Term
| descriptive statistics (190) |
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Definition
| indicate general tendencies in the data, spread the scores, or a comparison of how one score relates to all the others |
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Term
| measures of central tendancy |
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Definition
mean - average
median - middle of a set of scores
mode - the most frequently occurring score |
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Term
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Definition
range - the difference between the highest and lowest scores to items on an instrument
variance - indicates the dispertion of scores around the mean
standard deviation - 66% |
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