Term
| What do Sulfonylureas do? ...What are the 2 Sulfonylureas? (Diabetes) |
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Definition
Act in pancreas to increase insulin production, Insulin Secretogogues (Could potentially start hypoglycemia)
1. Micronase
2. Glucotrol |
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Term
| What do Biguanides do? What is the Drug? (Diabetes) |
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Definition
Decrease intestinal absorption of glucose and decrease glucose production. Increase insulin sensitivity by increasing glucose uptake into tissue
Drug: Glucophage |
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Term
| What do TZD's do? What are the drugs? |
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Definition
Decrease insulin resistance by increasing sensitivity of insulin receptors. Increase glucose uptake. Decrease fatty acid output in adipose tissue. Decrease glucose output.
CHECK AST & ALT
1. Actos
2. Avandia |
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Term
| What do Incretin mimetic do? What is the drug? |
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Definition
Increases the insulin response and depresses glucogenesis. GIVE SQ WITHIN 1 HOUR of MORNING and EVENING MEALS
Drug: Byetta |
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Term
| What do DPP-4 Inhibitors do? What is the drug? |
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Definition
Slow the degradation of incretins this prolonging the action of incretins. Increase output of insulin from the pancreas and decrease glucose output from the liver.
Drug: Januvia |
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Term
| What are the 3 endogenous estrogens? |
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Definition
1. Estradial (Primary)
2. Estrone
3. Estriol |
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Term
| What is the exogenous estrogens? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the estrogen/Premarin drug used for? |
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Definition
| Used to alleviate menopausal symptoms (vasodilation, hot flashes, vaginal dryness) -- Smallest dose that alleviates symptoms for the shortest possible period of time used |
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Term
| What is the estrogen/Premarin drug used for? |
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Definition
| Used to alleviate menopausal symptoms (vasodilation, hot flashes, vaginal dryness) -- Smallest dose that alleviates symptoms for the shortest possible period of time used |
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Term
| What are the 2 drugs that are a combination of estrogen and progesterone? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the nursing implications of Prempro and Premphase? |
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Definition
| Contraindicated in women with breast cancer b/c estrogen may promote growth of estrogen sensitive tumors |
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Term
| What is a precaution of estrogen...What should it always be given with in women with a uterus and why? |
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Definition
| Estrogen should always be given with progesterone in women with a uterus to prevent endometrial hyperplasia. Endometrial hyperplasia is a precursor to endometrial cancer |
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Term
| What does Progestin affect and where is it produced from? |
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Definition
| Affects endometrium (uterine lining) and produced in corpus luteum during menstrual cycle and produced in placenta during pregnancy |
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Term
| What are the 3 Synthetic Progestin's? |
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Definition
1. Provera (PO)
2. DepoProvera (IM)
3. Megace |
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Term
| What are the Synthetic Progestin's (DepoProvera) and (Provera) used for? |
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Definition
| Mainly used for birth control by inhibiting pituitary gonadotropins (FSH and LH), also used to treat uterine bleeding, endometrial cancer and secondary amenorrhea |
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Term
| What do high doses of Progestin's do? |
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Definition
| High doses of progestin suppress bleeding of endometrium. Used to treat endometriosis and hypermenorrhea. |
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Term
| What happens with the withdrawal of Progestins? |
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Definition
| Withdrawal of Progestin's causing sloughing of endometrial lining |
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Term
| What does the synthetic progestin Megace do? |
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Definition
| Primarily used in palliative management of metastic breast or endometrial cancer.Also an appetite stimulant. |
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Term
| What is the anti-estrogen drug, that is used for the treatment of breast cancer by blocking estrogen receptors in the breast, also reduces the occurence of contralateral breast cancer, also used to prevent breast cancer in high risk women? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) do? |
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Definition
| act on estrogen receptors in bones to prevent osteoporosis. Also enhances estrogen receptors in bones and decreases receptors in breast and uterine tissue. |
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Term
| What is the Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) drug? and what does it do? |
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Definition
Drug: Evista
Blocks estrogen receptors in uterus and breast and enchances receptors in bone. Does not cause endometrial hyperplasia, and does not increase risk for breast or uterine cancer but may increase risk for ovarian cancer. |
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Term
| What is Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) Evista mainly used for? |
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Definition
| Postmenopausal osteoporosis |
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Term
| What is the Biphosphate that is a nonestrogen, nonhormonal option for preventing bone loss? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How do Oral contraceptives prevent ovulation? |
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Definition
| inhibit realease of gonadotropins (FSH/LH), this prevents maturation of ovarian follicle, by increasing mucous viscosity making it more difficult fro sperm to move and implant. |
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Term
| What is a Neurotransmitter? |
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Definition
| Substance released when axon terminal of presynaptic neuron is excited, acts by inhibiting or exciting a target cell. |
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Term
| What are the 4 steps of neurotransmitter transmission? |
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Definition
1. Synthesis of a transmitter substance
2. Storage/release of the transmitter
3. Binding of the transmitter to receptors on postsynaptic membrane
4. Removal of the transmitter from the synaptic cleft |
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Term
| What is the steps for Deactivation of Neurotransmission? |
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Definition
1. Reuptake into presynaptic terminal
2. Enzymatic Degradation
3. Diffusion away from synapse |
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Term
| What is the drug for Barbiturates and what is the indication of use? |
|
Definition
Drug: Phenobarbital
Uses: Sedative, Hypnotic, Anticonvulsant |
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Term
| What do Benzodiazepines do? and what is the drug? |
|
Definition
Inhibit stimulation to the brain
Drug: Ativan |
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Term
| What is the nonbenzo that is used for hypnotic use? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the antidote for Benzodiazepines? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What are signs of unipolar depression/disorder? |
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Definition
| unable to experience pleasure, show loss of outside interest |
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Term
| What are signs of Bipolar depression/disorder? |
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Definition
| Recurrent patterns of depression and mania |
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Term
| What happens in brain in depression?...What happens in brain during mania? |
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Definition
Depression = Decrease in Norepinephrine and Serotonin
Mania = Increase in Norepinephrine and Serotonin |
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Term
| What do Tricyclic Antidepressants do?...Adverse effects? |
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Definition
Block repute of neurotransmitters, cause an increased accumulation at nerve endings
SE: Orthostatic Hypotension and Sedation |
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Term
| What is the drug for Tricyclic Antidepressants? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What are Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOI) used for? ...Drug?...SE? |
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Definition
2nd line agent for depression
Drug: Nardil
SE: HTN Crisis if taken with tyramines |
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Term
| What is the M.O.A. for Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOI)? |
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Definition
| MAO is responsible for inactivating serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine, so MAOI re-activates them |
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Term
| What foods contain Tyramine? |
|
Definition
Aged Cheese (swiss, blue, cheddar)
Smoked meats (pepperoni, salami)
Yeast
Red Wines
Italian Broad Beans |
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Term
| What is the M.O.A. for Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors? ...Drugs? |
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Definition
Inhibitors of presynaptic serotonin reuptake, thus increasing levels at nerve endings
Drugs: Prozac and Cymbalta |
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Term
| What is the mainstay treatment for bipolar mania? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a classic early sign of Lithium Toxicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a Selective Anticonvulsants? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Thought disorder that involves a loss of touch with reality |
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Term
| What are Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
1. Disorganized, incomprehensible language
2. Delusions
3. Hallucinations
4. Grossly disorganized and catatonic behavior |
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Term
| What are Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
1. Reflect deficit in normal functioning
2. Lack of motivation/interest/drive
3. Flattened affect |
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Term
| What type of therapy do Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia respond to?...Typical or Atypical Antipsychotic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of therapy do Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia respond to?...Typical or Atypical Antipsychotic? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What is the MOA of Antipsychotics? |
|
Definition
| Block dopamine receptors in the brain, decreasing dopamine concentration in CNS. Atypical block SPECIFIC dopamine receptors as well as specific serotonin recptors |
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Term
| What are the 2 Typical Antipsychotics? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What is the 3 SE: of Typical Antipsychotics r/t dopamine blockage? |
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Definition
1. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) - Mental status changes - Classic look of awake but dazed
2. Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) - muscle rigidity, tremor, acute dystonia (muscle spasms)
3. Tardive dyskinesia (TD) - involuntary contractions of ral and face muscles
- All go away when med is withdrawn |
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Term
| What is the drug for Atypical Antipsychotics? ...SE? |
|
Definition
Drug: clozapine (Clozaril)
SE: Agranulocytosis - Life threatening decrease in WBC's |
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Term
| What is ectopic pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| ovum fertilized in fallopian tube instead of uterus |
|
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Term
| what is leiomyomas (fibroids)? |
|
Definition
| benign neoplasma of smooth muscles? |
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Term
|
Definition
| uterine tissue growing outside of uterus |
|
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Term
| What is estrogen responsible for? |
|
Definition
| responsible for development of endometrial lining |
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Term
| What does a loss of estrogen during menopause result in? |
|
Definition
| decrease bone reabsorption --> osteoporosis |
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Term
| What does progesterone do? |
|
Definition
| Prepares endometrium for pregnancy, highest level right before menses |
|
|
Term
| What is the risk factor for Cervical Cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the prevention for cervical cancer? |
|
Definition
| Gardisil vaccine (prevent HPV) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cancer in women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common reproductive cancer in women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most deadly cancer in women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common inherited cancer in women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most curable cancer in women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visible portion of cervix lined with squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What is endocervical canal? |
|
Definition
| lined w/ columnar epithelum, transformation zone is area where squamous and columnar epithelium meet - this is the area that is sampled in PAP smear |
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Term
|
Definition
| using an instrument w/ a magnifying lens to examine vagina, cervix, uterus. scope is inserted in vagina |
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Term
| What is cervical cancer pathogenesis? |
|
Definition
| premalignant changes in cervix 9cervical dysplagia) - premise behind PAP smear. Detection via PAP stain slide test - microscopic examination of cells |
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Term
| What is invasise cervical cancer? |
|
Definition
| invasion of cancer and spread to pelvic area of sites thru lymphatic system. PAP smear is to decrease rate of cervical change |
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|
Term
| What is the cause of endometriosis? |
|
Definition
| bleeding into uterus then abdomen |
|
|
Term
| How is endometriosis Diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| Laproscopy - look in peritoneum w/ a laproscope, abdomen inflated with CO2 |
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Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of abdominal lining. Represents surgical emergency |
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms of endometrial cancer? |
|
Definition
| abnormal painless vaginal bleeding. vaginal bleeding after menopause |
|
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Term
| How is endometrial cancer diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| Dx wiht endometrial biopsy, transvaginal ultrasound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pelvic exam - put hand in vagina and push on cervix, then move side to side to see if there is pain. Cervix tender to movement (CMT) |
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