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| Aristotelian view (revised) |
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| motionless earth was fixed at the center of the universe. |
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| Believed that the earth was revolving around the sun and published a book called On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. |
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| Tycho Brahe’s assistant who determined 3 major laws for astronomy. First, the planets moved in an elliptical orbit. Second, planets do not move at the same speed through their entire orbits. Third, he related the time it takes a planet to go around the sun to its distance from the sun. |
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| Astronomer who shattered the notion of Aristotle’s physics and basically proved the Copernican theory. However, he was condemned by the church and sentenced to house arrest. |
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| Physicist who discovered Newton’s three laws of motion. He also wrote the Principia. |
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| Book written by Isaac Newton which integrated several ideas into a working model of the solar system. |
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| Earliest propagandist for scientific research. Claimed that new knowledge had to be pursued through empirical means. |
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| Philosopher who employed mathematics frequently and discovered the Cartesian plane along with saying “I think, therefore I am” |
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| Descartes idea that said there were two fundamental entities in the world, the matter and the mind. |
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| French writer who wrote Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds, which talked about the new discoveries in astronomy. |
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| Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds |
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| Book that involved a sophisticated lady aristocrat and her friend who talk about astronomy. |
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| French Huguenot who moved to the Netherlands and examined the religious beliefs and persecutions of the past in his Historical and critical Dictionary. |
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| Historical and Critical Dictionary |
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| Book written by Bayle that stated that nothing can ever be known beyond all doubt. Also, the book says that humanity’s best hope was open toleration of all people. |
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| English philosopher who wrote Second Treatise of Civil Government which talks about how humans learn from their ideas and gain all their beliefs from the environment. |
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| Essay Concerning Human Understanding |
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| Essay said that people’s ideas are formed by their environment and not by birth. |
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| French word for philosopher, described thinkers in France during the time in which the highest point of the Enlightenment was achieved. |
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| published the Persian letters, a satire on European customs. He also wrote “Spirit of the Laws,” which discussed the problem of government. |
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| Written by Montesquieu, described the problems with the government. |
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| Frenchwoman who helped to spread Newton’s ideas. Was the companion of Voltaire. |
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| Philosophe who published witty books and became a millionaire due to shrewd business maneuvers. He spent his life struggling against injustice and unequal treatment. |
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| Man who wanted the Encyclopedia to change everyone’s way of thinking. |
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| Book that deals with all kinds of subjects, including forbidden ones such as atheism, the sould, and blind people. |
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| Man who argued that human beings were machines completely determined by outside forces. He was an atheist. |
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| Argued that the human mind was simply a series of impressions. |
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| Paranoid philosophe who later became an outsider and utilized original thinking. |
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| Book written by Rousseau that stated that the general will is sacred and absolute and it reflects the common interests of all the people |
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| Places where educated discussion on literature, science, and philosophy could take place. These salons where hosted by talented Parisian women |
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| A period of scientific curiosity and social reform |
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| Frederick the Great of Prussia |
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| Enlightened monarch who invaded Silesia to double the population of his country. He also practiced religious and ideological toleration. |
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| Territory owned by Maria Theresa that was later taken by Frederick the Great. |
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| Catherine the Great of Russia |
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| Enlightened monarch who tried to free the serfs, but had to reinstate them following their rebellion. |
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| Leader of the serf rebellion during the reign of Catherine the Great. |
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| Woman who owned Silesia. Began substantial reforms in her land of Austria. |
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| Son of Maria Theresa who continued her reforms and became an Enlightened monarch. |
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| Parlements/Parlement of Paris |
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| Bodies that were constantly opposing the king and his tax legislation. Later dissolved by Maupeou |
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