Term
| Functional range of neurotoxicities |
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Definition
| Cognitive, Motor, Sensory, Mood/Personality, General |
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Term
| Classes of neurotoxicants |
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Definition
| Pharmaceuticals, Chemicals, Neurotoxins |
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Term
| REMEMBER THIS PHONE NUMBER FOR POISON CONTROL |
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Definition
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Term
| produced by living organisms |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| we make within our own bodies |
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Definition
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Term
| the most lethal toxin of any known animal (exogenous) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| opens neuronal sodium channels so cell membrane is no longer polarized and can no longer transmit impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| blocks sodium channels from passing sodium --> paralysis and respiratory arrest within minutes --> cardiac arrest due to lack of oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| Batrachotoxin, Tetrodotoxin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity |
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Definition
| overactivation of receptors for excitatory amino acid transmitters lead to cell damage and death |
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Term
| Normal conditions: role of glutamate |
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Definition
| activates NMDA and AMPA receptors resulting in an influx of both Na and Ca ions, depolarization --> action potential |
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Term
| Excitotoxicity: role of glutamate |
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Definition
| results in high intracellular levels of calcium ions resulting in neuronal death |
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Term
| Massive activation of NMDA receptors |
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Definition
| dramatic increase in cytosolic calcium, which is taken up by the mitochondria |
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Term
| Mitochondrial calcium overload |
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Definition
| leads to explosion of oxygen production and the subsequent release of cytochrome C |
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Term
| High cystolic calcium activates nNOS and increases NO production |
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Definition
| oxygen and NO react to produce ONOO-, which then diffuses into the nucleus to cause DNA damage |
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Term
| results in release of glutamate, eating away at neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| when certain parts of brain are deprived of oxygen, results in excessive release of glutamate |
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Definition
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Term
| have implicated glutamate in the pathophysiology |
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Definition
| ALS, MS, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Huntingtons, Alcohol withdrawal |
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Term
| Transmission, Axonopathy, Myelinopathy, Neuronopathy |
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Definition
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Term
| drug-induced transmission toxicity |
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Definition
| organophosphate poisoning; cocaine intoxication; nicotine-induced brain damage |
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Term
| inhibits AChE so buildup of unhydrolyzed ACh continues transmitting nervous signals to muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| inhibition of DA and NE transporters; overactivation of DA and alpha adrenergic receptors centrally and peripherally |
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Definition
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Term
| induces ROS levels in a dose-dependent manner and activates a NF-kb involved in biological processes (inflammation, innate immunity, development, apoptosis) |
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Definition
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Term
| Nicotine activates a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) which is involved in the cellular apoptosis pathway |
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Definition
| c-Jun terminal kinase (JNK) |
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Term
| Significantly smaller grey matter and lower grey matter density in front regions, occipital lob and temporal lobe |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| organophosphates, cisplatin, vincristine |
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Term
| similar to ALS; usually starting distally and progression towards the neuron |
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Definition
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Term
| occurs 1-5 weeks following severe intoxication |
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Definition
| Organophosphates-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) |
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Term
| organophosphates inhibit this to cause symmetrical sensory-motor degeneration of peripheral nerves and spinal cord |
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Definition
| neuropathy target esterase (NTE) |
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Term
| symmetrical sensory-motor degeneration of peripheral nerves and spinal cord |
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Definition
| --> muscle weakness, ataxia and subsequent paralysis of the limbs |
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Term
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Definition
| deacylates the major neuronal membrane phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine |
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Term
| produces damage to the organ of Corti,including the destruction of auditory sensory cells |
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Definition
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Term
| begins 3-4 days after Cisplatin toxicity; |
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Definition
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Term
| symmetrical peripheral axonal sensorimotor neuropathy early in therapy |
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Definition
| --> paresthesia and severe motor weakness |
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Term
| interferenece with microtubule, affecting axonal transport |
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Definition
| vincristine-induced sensorimotor neuropathy |
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Term
| interference with salutatory conduction or the facilitated propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons |
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Definition
| drug-induced myelinopathy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| drug-induced myelinopathy |
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Definition
| may progress to axonopathy |
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Term
| Lead-induced neurotoxicity, hexachlorophene-induced spongiform encephalopathy, nitrous oxide-induced myelinopathy, carbon monoxide-induced encephalopathy |
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Definition
| drug-induced myelinopathy |
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Term
| primary target is the CNS; diff. mechanisms include oxidative stress, intensification of apoptosis of neurons, interfering with Ca-dependent enzyme like nitric oxide synthase |
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Definition
| Lead-induced neurotoxicity |
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Term
| inhibit respiratory D-lactate dehydrogenase and interfere with the electron transport chain |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mitochondrial neurotoxin especially toxic to developing oligodendrocytes |
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Term
| myelin with water-filled spaces or vacuoles (spongiform encephalopathy) |
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Definition
| biomarker for hexachlorophene effects |
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Term
| irreversibly oxidizes cobalt ion in methylcobalamin and inhibits the synthesis of methionine |
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Definition
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Term
| Lack of S-adenosylmetionine |
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Definition
| impairs methylation of myelin sheath phospholipids --> reduction in myelin formation |
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Term
| causes endothelial and platelet release of NO and formation of oxygen free radiccals including peroxynitrite |
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Definition
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Term
| causes delayed but reversible demyelination of white matter, which can lead to edema and necrosis |
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Definition
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Term
| Irreversible neuronal loss peripherally or centrally |
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Definition
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Term
| neuronopathy clinical disease state |
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Definition
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Term
| twisted fragments of protein |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal clusters of amyloid and tau protein remnants |
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Term
| drug-induced neuronopathy |
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Definition
| MPTP-induced parkinsonism, Methylmercury-induced neuropathy, Arsenic-induced neurotoxicit, Streptomycin-induced ototoxicity |
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Term
| a by product of MPP synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| taken up into dopamine neurons |
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Term
| attacks the mitochondrion and inhibits energy production, causing neuronopathy and a syndrome resembling advanced parkinsonism |
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Definition
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Term
| organic form of mercy and the form of mercury that is most easily bioaccumulated |
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Definition
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Term
| major source of human exposure to MeHg in the U.S. |
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Definition
| consumption of contaminated fish |
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Term
| cerebral palsy, blindness, deafness, growth problems, mental retardation, microcephaly |
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Definition
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Term
| reacts with the thiol groups of proteins and enzymes and inhibits their catalytic activity |
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Definition
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Term
| causes changes in the cytoskeletal protein composition and hyper-phosphorylation |
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Definition
| Arsenic-induced Neurotoxicity |
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Term
| key mechanism of As-induced neuronopathy |
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Definition
| disorganization of the cytoskeletal framework |
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Term
| disruption of mitochondrial protein synthesis and the formation of free oxygen radicals |
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Definition
| Aminoglycoside ototoxicity |
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Term
| out of the all ototoxic drugs, these are the most vestibulotoxic |
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Definition
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