Term
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Definition
lateral corticospinal tract:
ipsilateral spastic paralysis/paresis, hypertonia, and hyper-reflexia in arm and leg; Babinski sign, clonus, clasp-knife response |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
lateral corticospinal tract:
ipsilateral spastic paralysis/paresis, hypertonia, and hyper-reflexia in leg; Babinski sign, clonus |
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Term
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Definition
1. Corticospinal tract: Contralateral spastic hemiplegia accompanied by exaggerated myotatic reflexes, increased resistance to passive stretch, and an extensor plantar response
2. Corticobulbar tract: Contralateral lower facial muscle paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
1. Corticospinal tract: Contralateral spastic hemiplegia accompanied by exaggerated myotatic reflexes, increased resistance to passive stretch, and an extensor plantar response
2. Corticobulbar tract: Contralateral lower facial muscle paralysis
3. Abducens nerve: Medial deviation (esotropia) and abductor paralysis of ipsilateral eye |
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Term
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Definition
1. Corticospinal tract: Contralateral spastic hemiplegia accompanied by exaggerated myotatic reflexes, increased resistance to passive stretch, and an extensor plantar response
2. Hypoglossal nerve: Paralysis, atrophy, and deviation of protruded tongue to ipsilateral side |
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Term
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Definition
1. Corticospinal tract: Contralateral spastic hemiplegia accompanied by exaggerated myotatic reflexes, increased resistance to passive stretch, and an extensor plantar response
2. Oculomotor nerve: Ipsilateral ptosis and ophthalmoplegia with eye turned down and out (mydriasis also, owing to visceromotor fibers in CN III) |
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Term
| complete spinal cord transection |
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Definition
1. All voluntary movements are lost, completely and permanently.
2. All sensations are lost, completely and permanently.
3. All reflexes involving the isolated spinal cord segments are temporarily abolished. |
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Term
| Decerebrate posture of comatose patient |
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Definition
| upper and lower limbs extend |
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Term
| Decorticate posture of comatose patient |
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Definition
| upper limbs flex, lower limbs extend |
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Term
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Definition
Decerebrate:
lesion or infection at or below red nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
Decorticate:
lesion or infection above red nucleus |
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Term
| decorticate to decerebrate |
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Definition
| damage has spread to red nucleus |
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Term
| decerebrate to decorticate |
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Definition
| damage has receded back past red nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bitemporal heteronymous hemianopsia (tunnel vision) |
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Term
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Definition
| contralateral homonymous hemianopsia |
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Term
| dorsal optic radiation or cuneus |
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Definition
| contralateral homonymous anopsia in the inferior quadrant |
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Term
| ventral optic radiation (loop of Meyer) or lingual gyrus |
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Definition
| contralateral homonymous anopsia in the superior quadrant |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| lateral lemniscus, brachium of the inferior colliculus, or auditory radiation |
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Definition
| loss of sound localization, but no significant hearing loss |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| secondary gustatory tract near medial lemniscus, or gustatory radiation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| intention tremor, dysmetria (overshoot target), dysdiadochokinesia (can't do rapid movements very well), explosive speech |
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Term
| posterior lobe of cerebellum |
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Definition
| ipsilateral ataxia especially in the distal muscles |
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Term
| anterior lobe of the cerebellum |
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Definition
| ipsilateral ataxia in lower limbs (gait ataxia) |
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Term
| flocculonodular lobe of cerebellum |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| impulsive behavior, easily addicted to things like gambling and drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| Posterior lobe syndrome: Intention tremor. To and fro movements perpendicular to intended direction of movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anterior lobe syndrome: Gait ataxia. Clumsy movements of lower limbs |
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Term
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Definition
| Flocculonodular lobe syndrome: Truncal ataxia. Standing on wide base and reeling from side to side. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anterior cerebellar lobe (lower limb area): Gait ataxia |
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Term
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Definition
| Superior cerebellar peduncle (before decussation): Posterior lobe syndrome; ipsilaterally—intention tremor, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia, and so forth |
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Term
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Definition
| Flocculonodular lobe: Truncal ataxia |
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Term
| left hemisection of spinal cord at T10 |
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Definition
| Tactile, vibration, and proprioception senses below the umbilicus on the left side and pain and temperature sensations below the inguinal ligament on the right side |
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Term
| ventral white commissure from T2 to T4 |
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Definition
| Pain and temperature sensations bilaterally at the level of the nipples |
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Term
| left ventral posterior nucleus |
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Definition
| Tactile, proprioception, pinprick, and temperature senses on the entire right side |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of tactile and proprioception senses and some diminution of pinprick and temperature sensations and their precise localization, all in the left lower limb. Only precise localization and fine tactile discrimination depend on an intact primary somatosensory cortex for recognition. |
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Term
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Definition
| involuntary rhythmic movements of the eyes that include two components: a slow drifting away from the target and a fast return to the target, upon irrigation of the ear (COWS is normal) |
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Term
| a 15-year-old girl became obese and listless, had episodes of high fever without apparent cause, ceased menstruating, drank copious amounts of water owing to severe thirst, passed excessive amounts of urine, frequently fell asleep during the day, often had reversed sleep–wake cycles, and on occasion erupted into a violent state of rage without provocation. |
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Definition
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Term
| weak and hoarse voice accompanied by sagging of the left soft palate |
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Definition
| The vagus nerve supplies the muscles of the vocal cords and soft palate. A left vagal palsy results in a weak, hoarse voice and sagging of the left soft palate. |
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Term
| weakness in depression of the adducted right eye |
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Definition
| The trochlear nerve supplies the superior oblique muscle. A right trochlear palsy results in impaired depression of the adducted right eye. If this abnormality were caused by a nuclear lesion, it would be on the left side because the trochlear nerve is crossed. |
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Term
| on protrusion the tongue deviates to the left side |
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Definition
| The hypoglossal nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the tongue. A left hypoglossal palsy results in paralysis of the left genioglossus muscle, thereby allowing the intact right genioglossus to deviate the protruded tongue toward the side of the lesion |
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Term
| right facial hemianesthesia |
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Definition
| The right trigeminal nerve with its ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular divisions carries somatosensations from the right side of the face (except the angle of the mandible), and its damage results in right facial hemianesthesia. |
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Term
| esotropia and paralysis of abduction of the right eye |
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Definition
| The right abducens nerve supplies the right lateral rectus muscle whose paralysis results in the absence of abduction in the right eye accompanied by esotropia caused by the pull of the normal medial rectus muscle. |
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Term
| loss of taste on the posterior third of the left side of the tongue |
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Definition
| The left glossopharyngeal nerve carries gustatory impulses from taste buds in the posterior third of the left side of the tongue and, when damaged, ageusia occurs in this area. |
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Term
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Definition
| ipsilateral, segmental hypotonia, paralysis/paresis, fasciculations |
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Term
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Definition
| contralateral spastic paralysis/paresis, Babinski resopnse, hypertonia, hyper-reflexia, and clonus in leg; arms are normal, contralateral face is normal |
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Term
| Lateral corticospinal tract |
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Definition
| Upper motor neuron syndrome: includes spastic paralysis, hypertonia, exaggerated reflexes, Babinski sign, clonus, etc. in all ipsilateral muscles below the lesion |
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Term
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Definition
| (lower motor neuron syndrome) Ipsilateral flaccid paralysis, hypotonia, muscle fasciculations, absence of reflexes in the muscles supplied by this spinal segment |
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Term
| Dorsal column of spinal cord |
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Definition
| Loss of tactile, vibration, limb position and motion senses in the ipsilateral side below the lesion |
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Term
Spinothalamic tract (anterolateral system)
in spinal cord |
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Definition
| Loss of fast pain and temperature in the contralateral side below the lesion |
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Term
| Dorsolateral fasciculus (tract of Lissauer) |
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Definition
| Loss of fast pain and temperature in the ipsilateral dermatomes supplied by this spinal cord segment and neighboring spinal cord segments |
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Term
| Ventral (anterior) white commissure |
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Definition
| Bilateral loss of fast pain and temperature in the dermatome supplied by this spinal segment |
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Term
| Cuneate fasciculus and nucleus |
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Definition
| Loss of tactile, vibration, limb position and motion senses in the ipsilateral upper limb |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of fast pain and temperature in the ipsilateral face |
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Term
| Gracile fasciculi and nuclei |
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Definition
| Loss of tactile, vibration, limb position and motion senses in both lower limbs |
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Term
| Hypoglossal nucleus and nerve |
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Definition
| Paralysis/paresis and atrophy of ipsilateral tongue muscles. The tongue deviates to the ipsilateral side when protruded |
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Term
Pyramids
(corticospinal tract) |
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Definition
| Upper motor neuron syndrome: spastic paralysis, hypertonia, exaggerated reflexes, Babinski sign, clonus, etc. in all contralateral muscles below the lesion (in this case, both upper and lower limbs). |
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Term
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Definition
| Contralateral loss of tactile, vibration, limb position and motion senses in all regions below the lesion |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of fast pain and temperature in the contralateral face |
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Term
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Definition
| Hoarse voice, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), lack of a gag reflex on the ipsilateral side, the uvula deviates to the contralateral side |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of fast pain and temperature in the ipsilateral face |
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Term
| Cranial nerve VIII (vestibular portion) and the vestibular nuclei |
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Definition
| Loss of balance, loss of the vestibulo-ocular reflex |
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Term
| Cranial nerve VIII (cochlear portion) and the cochlear nuclei |
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Definition
| Ipsilateral loss of hearing |
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Term
| Inferior cerebellar peduncle |
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Definition
| Ipsilateral ataxia (especially of the lower limb), gait instability, loss of balance and equilibrium |
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Term
| Facial nerve (CN VII) and the facial nucleus |
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Definition
| Flaccid paralysis/paresis and lower motor syndrome of the ipsilateral facial muscles of expression. Dry eyes and dry mouth (due to lack of lacrimation and salivation). There may also be a loss of taste from the anterior portion of the ipsilateral tongue (ageusia). |
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Term
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Definition
| Ipsilateral eye deviated medially |
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Term
| Principal sensory nucleus (trigeminal) |
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Definition
| Loss of tactile and vibration senses in the ipsilateral face |
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Term
| Corticospinal tract (in pons) |
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Definition
| Upper motor neuron syndrome: includes spastic paralysis, hypertonia, exaggerated reflexes, Babinski sign, clonus, etc in all contralateral muscles below the lesion (in this case, both upper and lower limbs). |
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Term
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Definition
| Paralysis/paresis and atrophy of ipsilateral muscles of mastication. The jaw deviates to the ipsilateral side. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ipsilateral eye is rotated outward. The patient tilts his/her head to the contralateral shoulder to compensate |
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Term
| Superior cerebellar peduncle |
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Definition
| Posterior cerebellar lobe syndrome (ipsilateral intention tremor, dysmetria, ataxia of the upper and lower limbs, dysdiadokokinsis, etc) |
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Term
| Medial geniculate nucleus |
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Definition
| Slight loss of hearing. Difficulty localizing sounds. |
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Term
| Lateral geniculate nucleus |
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Definition
| Loss of vision in the contralateral visual hemifield (contralateral homonymous hemianopsia) |
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Term
| Oculomotor nucleus and nerve (CN III) |
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Definition
| Ipsilateral eye is deviated downward and laterally. Droopy eyelid (ptosis) on the ipsilateral side. Because of involvement of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the ipsilateral pupil will be dilated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Slight movement disorder (paresis/weakness) in the contralateral limbs. Ataxia of the contralateral limbs (especially the lower limb) may also be present because of anterior cerebellar lobe syndrome. |
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Term
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Definition
-Corticospinal tract: upper motor neuron syndrome in contralateral muscles of both upper and lower limbs and of the trunk. Upper motor neuron syndrome includes spastic paralysis, hypertonia, exaggerated reflexes, Babinski sign, clonus, etc.
-Corticobulbar tract: Contralateral paralysis/paresis of the contralateral lower face muscles
-Thalamocortical radiations: Loss of all somatosensations from the contralateral body and face |
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Term
| Hippocampal formation and the parahippocampal gyrus |
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Definition
| Memory deficits, especially in the consolidation of short-term memory into long-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Slight hearing loss, difficulty localizing sounds |
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Term
| Basal ganglia (putamen and globus pallidus) |
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Definition
| Movement disorder similar to Huntington’s Disease (hyperkinesia, chorea, athetosis) |
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Term
| Dorsal portion of the postcentral gyrus |
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Definition
| Loss of all somatosensation from the contralateral upper limb |
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Term
| Dorsal portion of the precentral gyrus |
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Definition
| upper motor neuron syndrome in muscles of the contralateral upper limb |
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Term
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Definition
| Contralateral tactile agnosia, visual agnosia, and hemineglect syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
| Wernicke’s aphasia (comprehension aphasia) – fluent, but incoherent language; inability to comprehend language, etc. |
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Term
| Visual cortex and visual association cortex |
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Definition
| Loss of vision in the contralateral visual hemifield (contralateral homonymous hemianopsia) |
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Term
| gustatory radiation, parietal operculum, or ventral posteromedial nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
| solitary nuclues or tract |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| failure of the basal nucleus of Meynert is a precurser to _____ |
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Definition
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