Term
| Facts and events (what kind of memory) |
|
Definition
| declarative (explicit) memory |
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Term
| procedural memory- routines, skills, habits (muscle and emotional memory too) |
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Definition
| nondeclarative (implicit) memory |
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Term
| Forget things you already knew |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Inability to form new memories |
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Definition
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Term
| Symptoms: Disoriented, ask same questions repeatedly; Attacks subside in couple of hours; Permanent memory gap |
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Definition
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Term
| Who stimulated the temporal lobe to elicit past memories and experiences? |
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Definition
| Dr. Wilder Graves Penfield |
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Term
| effect of a temporal lobectomy (HM) |
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Definition
| Anterograde amnesia so profound cannot perform basic human activities (and partial retrograde amnesia). Does not affect intelligence or personality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Important for consolidating memories |
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Term
|
Definition
| cause deficits in procedural memory |
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Term
| Caudate nucleus + Putamen = |
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Definition
|
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Term
| function of prefrontal cortex |
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Definition
| self-awareness, capacity for planning and problem solving |
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Term
| Where do learning and memory occur in the brain? |
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Definition
| throughout the brain! but primarily in hippocampus |
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Term
| T/F- multitasking is possible |
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Definition
| False- you cannot truly focus on multiple activities or things at the same time. you are quick at changing your attention during "multi-tasking" |
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Term
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Definition
| it is a mild central nervous system stimulant. It also inhibits the dopamine transporter, increasing the postsynaptic effect of dopamine. |
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Term
| State of selectively processing simultaneous sources of information |
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Definition
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Term
| in the experiment with a computer on measuring the effect of attention on visual detection, what were the findings and what did each of the symbols mean? |
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Definition
The findings were that individuals can focus their attention without changing their eye pattern. It is easier to detect a valid cue (one that has meaning) than an invalid cue.
+=neutral sign
arrow to the right, with circle on the right=valid
arrow to the right with circle to the left=invalid cue |
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Term
| T/F- Attention can alter the speed of visual processing or the time it takes to make a decision. |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the brain is most likely damaged in neglect syndrome? |
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Definition
| the RIGHT cerebral cortex (lesions of the posterior parietal cortex), affecting the left visual field. |
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Term
| T/F Neglect syndrome is a behavioral disorder only. |
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Definition
| False- neglect syndrome is an attentional disorder. |
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Term
| in visual attention tests, brain activity shifts how? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Your visual attention can be independent of your eye position T/F |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which type of attention has more errors? Divided attention or selective attention? |
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Definition
| Divided attention (aka. "multi-tasking") |
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Term
| Areas of the brain responsible for detecting color and shape? |
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Definition
| The V4, IT (occipital) and other visual areas in the temporal lobe |
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Term
| Area(s) of the brain responsible for motion? |
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Definition
| area MT (medial temporal) of the temporal lobe. |
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Term
| inability to identify faces, facial blindness? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| A sudden car accident occurs outside of your visual field... are you more likely to turn your eyes toward the accident first, or shift your attention towards the accident before your eyes? |
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Definition
| Your attention is likely to shift before your eyes saccade. |
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Term
| WHO recorded neural activity at several locations in the brains of monkeys to determine whether there was increased activity that might be related to attention, before eye movements? |
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Definition
| Michael Goldberg, David Robinson, and Robert Wurtz. |
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Term
| WHO Record neural activity from several brain regions |
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Definition
| Wurtz, Goldberg, and Robinson |
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Term
| Which area of our brain tells our eyes to move towards where our attention is focusing? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| T/F reaction time reduces in selective attention compared to divided attention. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| T/F reaction time increases in selective attention compared to divided attention. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Electrical stimulation to this area of the brain will result in saccades |
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Definition
| the posterior parietal cortex |
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Term
| T/F Divided attention has a quicker reaction time than selective attention. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What happens to attention when you are fatigued? |
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Definition
| attention is unable to be maintained because attention requires energy. |
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Term
| T/F- 1. Your eyes move before your attention. |
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Definition
| FALSE- attention moves first |
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Term
| T/F Invalid cue results in an increased reaction time. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| GABA agonists/antagonists are given to children with ADHD |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What structure is being studied for having a possible role in guiding attention? |
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Definition
| the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus (and FEF) |
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Term
| Muscimol is a agonist/antagonist of GABA? |
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Definition
| agonist, it suppresses activity of neurons on the contralateral side. Symptoms similar to a lesion to the pulvinar nucleus. |
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Term
| Bicuculline is an agonist/antagonist of GABA? |
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Definition
| Bicuculline is an antagonist of bicuculline, which facilitates shifting attention to the contralateral side. |
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Term
| What drug has similar affects as a pulvinar nucleus lesion? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| People with pulvinar nucleus lesions have what issue with attention? |
|
Definition
| They have difficulty switching attention to the contralateral side. |
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Term
| part of the brain that directs eyes to objects of interest |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Frontal eye fields. They are MOTOR fields that have direct connections with areas involved with attention, including V2, V3, V4, MT, and parietal cortex. involved in saccadic eye movements and may play a role in guiding attention. |
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Term
| FEF stimulation significantly increases activity in what area of the brain? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Diagnosable disorder of thought, mood, or behavior that causes distress or impaired functioning |
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Term
| T/F genetic and experiential variations, all ultimately expressed as physical changes in the brain, give rise to the full range of behaviors exhibited by the human population. |
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Definition
|
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Term
What theory and who proposed it?
1) that much of mental life is unconscious
2) that past experiences, particularly in childhood, shape how a person feels and responds throughout life. |
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Definition
| psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud |
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Term
| Who said that mental illness results when the unconscious and conscious elements of the psyche come into conflict? |
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Definition
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Term
| What psychosocial theory believes in the active attempts to "unlearn" maladaptive behaviors to treat mental illness? |
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Definition
| Behaviorism by B.F. Skinner |
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Term
| Theory that focuses on observable behaviors and their control by the environment. behavior most likely with positive reinforcement. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The use of verbal communication to help the patient |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the two mutually interacting factors impacting brain development? |
|
Definition
| nature (genes) and nurture (experience) |
|
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Term
| reinforce behaviors by using punishment and rewards. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What resulted in 15% of ppl in mental institutions were CURED? |
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Definition
| the discovery of penicillin in 1928... mental illness directly linked to a biological cause |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a treatment for agoraphobia. |
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Definition
| systematic desensitization |
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|
Term
| The inappropriate expression of fear characterizes ____, the most common type of psychiatric disorder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the inappropriate expression of fear. |
|
|
Term
| constant sympathetic state |
|
Definition
| generalized anxiety disorder |
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Term
| Sudden feelings of intense terror that occur without warning. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Anxiety about, or the avoidance of, places or situations from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing, or in which help may not be available in the event of a panic attack |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| obsessions, which case marked anxiety or distress, and/or compulsions, which serve to neutralize anxiety |
|
Definition
| obsessive-compulsive disorder |
|
|
Term
| clinically significant anxiety provoked by exposure to certain types of social or performance situations often leading to avoidance behavior |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the re-experiencing of an extremely traumatic event, accompanied by symptoms of increased arousal and the avoidance of stimuli associated with trauma. |
|
Definition
| post-traumatic stress disorder |
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Term
| long-term increase in cortisol results in damage to what important area? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Your amygdala stimulates your HPA axis (stress response). Your hippocampus represses your HPA axis via feedback mechanism. Your amygdala stimulates the HPA axis via the bed nucleus neurons (connect senses to amygdala). Increased results in degeneration of your _____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what stimulates your HPA axis? |
|
Definition
| the amygdala (stress response) |
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Term
| drug for anxiety disorders that binds to a GABA recetor site and acts to make GABA much more effective in opening th echannel and producing inhibition. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of medications break down GABA and thus stimulate the inhibitory affects of GABA to reduce anxiety? |
|
Definition
| anxiolytic medications (benzodiazepines & SSRIs) |
|
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Term
| In low doses, this drug is highly affective in treating anxiety disorders, most noteably OCD, AND mood disorders. |
|
Definition
| SSRIs (serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors) |
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Term
| condition characterized by a feeling that one's emotional state is no longer under one's control. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| minor depression, not long-lasting |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in depression? |
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Definition
| You have depression because of hypoactive reticular activating system. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type I or II bipolar disorder is always associated with episodes of major depression? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothesis that states that mood is closely tied to levels of released "monamine" neurotransmitters- norepinephrine (NE) and/or serotonin (5-HT) |
|
Definition
| monamine hypothesis of mood disorders. depression is a deficit of one of these diffuse modulatory systems. |
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Term
| drug that stops the degradation of noepinephrine and serotonin. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The diathesis-stress hypothesis test |
|
Definition
| the HPA system is the main site where your genetic and environmental stressors converge to cause mood disorders. |
|
|
Term
| medical term for a predisposition for a certain disease is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal |
|
|
Term
| name the major benefit and disadvantages of ECT treatment... |
|
Definition
| ECT can be affective when suicide risk is high; however, it results in memory loss. it usually disrupts memories for evetns that occurred before the treatment (retrograde)and temporarily affect new memories. |
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Term
| removes the highs and lows of manic disorders by affecting the way secondary transporters work. but may cause tongue thrust |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characterized by a loss of contact with reality, and a disruption of thought, perception, mood, and movement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hardest type of schizophrenia to treat... |
|
Definition
| disorganized schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
| positive symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
-delusions
-hallucinations
-disorganized speech
-gross disorganized |
|
|
Term
| What is different between MRIs of individuals with schizophrenia versus those without? |
|
Definition
| schizophrenic brains have larger lateral ventricles, which shows a loss of brain tissue. |
|
|
Term
| Suspected and known brain changes in people with schizophrenia... |
|
Definition
| The ventricle to brain ratio is increased. The ventricles (CSF) occupy a bigger space in the brain than the cortex, less brain mass. Defects in myelin sheath in the axons of the cerebral cortex. Abnormal clusters of neurons in the cortex. Changes in synapses in different neurotransmitter systems. |
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Term
| Dopamine hypothesis: Psychotic episodes in schizophrenia triggered by activation/deactivation of dopamine receptors |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Glutamate hypothesis= how decreased/increased glutamate causes schizophrenia. Glutamate causes psychosis by aiding/inhibiting the NMDA receptors. |
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Definition
| Glutamate hypothesis= how increased glutamate causes schizophrenia. Glutamate causes psychosis by inhibiting the NMDA receptors. |
|
|
Term
| characterized by involuntary movements of the lips and jaws |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Neuroleptic drugs bind to __ receptors and prevent decrease domamine and glutamate binding. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Can a CNS disorder be recovered from completely? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can you recover completely from a median nerve injury? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In the inner part of the tube (neural stem), radial glia get created, which transport cells to the top layer. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| results when neurons begin to divide and multiply. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of disorder happens if you don’t have pruning? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| your dominance changes to the eye that works best. |
|
|
Term
Order the steps of neuronal structure development
-cell migration
-cell differentiation
-cell proliferation |
|
Definition
-cell proliferation
-cell migration
-cell differentiation |
|
|
Term
| what is the fate of daughter cells after vertical cleavage? |
|
Definition
| both daughter cells remain in the ventricular zone to divide again and again |
|
|
Term
| What is the fate of daughter cells produced via horizontal cleavage? |
|
Definition
| The daughter cell furthest from the ventricular surface migrates away to take up tits position in the cortex, where it will never divide again. The other daughter remains in the ventricular zone to undergo more divisions. |
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|
Term
| What are the three phases of development of long-range connections in the CNS? |
|
Definition
1) pathway selection
2)target selection
3)address selection |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| protein molecules a part of extracellular matrix and whose interaction with each other promotes axonal elongation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell-adhesion molecules (CAMS) |
|
|
Term
| finding the path of least resistance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is apoptosis or necrosis programmed cell death? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Critical period for plasticity of binocular connections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| area of the brain that may encode memory of faces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alcoholics - thiamin deficiency
Symptoms: Confusion, confabulations, severe memory impairment, apathy, abnormal eye movements, loss of coordination, tremors
Lesions to dorsomedial thalamus and mamillary bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alcoholics - thiamin deficiency
Symptoms: Confusion, confabulations, severe memory impairment, apathy, abnormal eye movements, loss of coordination, tremors
Lesions to dorsomedial thalamus and mamillary bodies |
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