Term
| Function of Nonspecific nuclei |
|
Definition
| Regulating consciousness, arousal and attention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Part of the basal ganglia circuit
-involved in regulating movement |
|
|
Term
| Function of Association nuclei |
|
Definition
| processing emotinal and some meory information or integrating different types of sensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-essential for species survival
-intergrates behaviors w/ visceral functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conveying information from teh sensory systems (except olfactory), the basal ganglia, or cerebellum to the cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulating circadian rhythms adn influencing the secretions of the pituitary gland, adrenals, parathyroids, and islets of langerhans |
|
|
Term
| The anterior limb of internal capsule has what axonal projections? |
|
Definition
| corticopontine and thalamolimbic |
|
|
Term
| The genu of internal capsule has what axonal projections? |
|
Definition
| corticobulbar and corticoreticular |
|
|
Term
| the posterior limb of internal capsule has what axonal projections? |
|
Definition
thalamocortical
retrolenticular
corticospinal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-corticospinal
-corticobulbar
-thalamocortical |
|
|
Term
| What receives information via the dorsal column-medial lemniscus system and the trigeminothalamocortical system? |
|
Definition
| the primary somatosensory cortex |
|
|
Term
| Recognition of an unseen object by touch and manipulation occus in |
|
Definition
| -somatosensory association cortex |
|
|
Term
| Categorizing sounds as language, music, or nois occurs in |
|
Definition
| auditory association cortex |
|
|
Term
| Initiation of movement, orientation planning, and bimanual and sequential movements are influenced by |
|
Definition
| the supplementary motor area |
|
|
Term
| Trunk and girdle muscles are controlled by descending signals from neurons in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functions of the dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex include |
|
Definition
-self awareness
-executive decisions
--deciding on goal
--planning on how to accomplish that goal
--executing a plan
--monitoring the execution of plan |
|
|
Term
| The parietotemporal association area is important for |
|
Definition
-problem solving
-comprehension of communication
-understanding of spatial relationships |
|
|
Term
| The limbic association is located in teh |
|
Definition
| anterior temporal lobe and orbitofrontal cortex |
|
|
Term
| Functions of the limbic system include |
|
Definition
-processing declarative memory
and mediation of emotions |
|
|
Term
| The somatic marker hypothesis is... |
|
Definition
Theory that emotions are crucial for soudn judgments
-decision making process involves imagining consequences and attending to emotional signals that result from prior experience and provide gut feelings
-emotional signals are considered in decision process |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of persistently high levels of cortisol (i.e., a prolonged stress response)? |
|
Definition
-suppression of immune function
-increased incidence of colitis, cardiovascular disorders, and adult-onset diabetes
-interference with memory and attention in healthy elderly people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-AKA cognitive, explicit, or conscious memory
-recollection easily verbalized
-requires attention during recall
-facts events, concepts and locations
-has 3 stages (immediate, shorterm, long term)
-voluntary control occurs in frontal lobe via selecting info to store and accessing stored info. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the conversion of short term memory into long term memory.
Occurs in hippocampus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Awareness of feelings associated w/ memory
-not well researched
-fear involves amygdala
-damage to other memory systems has no affect on emotion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-recall of habits and skills
-AKA skill, habit, non-conscious memory, or implicit memory
-recall necessary to accomplish task
-can produce changes in performance w/o conscious awarness (ex: HM) |
|
|
Term
| What structure is required for the processing of declarative memory? |
|
Definition
| -hippocampus is responsible for processing but not storage. |
|
|
Term
| Shat structures are required for the establishment of motor memory? |
|
Definition
-frontal cortex
-thalamus
-striatum |
|
|
Term
| What is area of the brain tha specializes in comprehension of spoken language? |
|
Definition
-Wernicke's Area
- located in Left parietotemporal cortex. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the nucleus accumbens located? |
|
Definition
| -Ventral striatum b/t the putamen and caudate |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the pathway from vestibular nuclei to primary vestibular cortex? |
|
Definition
| The vestibulothalamo cortical |
|
|
Term
| What area of the brain provides instructions for producing emotional gestures and the intonation of speech? |
|
Definition
| The corresponding area to Broca's Area |
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain provides schemas of the body in relation to its surroundings and the external world? |
|
Definition
| Corresponding area to wernicke's area |
|
|
Term
| The aspects of consciousness and their neuromodulators: |
|
Definition
-Generalized arousal level
--(seratonin)
-Attentions (direction of consciousness)
--Norepinephrine
-Selection of object of attention (based upon goals)
--Acetylcholine
-Motivation, Motor activity, and Cognition
--Dopamine |
|
|
Term
| The effects of serotonin? |
|
Definition
| -general level of arousal |
|
|
Term
| The effects of norepinephrine |
|
Definition
| conscious attention and vigilance |
|
|
Term
| The effects of acetylcholine? |
|
Definition
| voluntary attention toward environment based on desired goal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| initiation of motor or cognitive actions |
|
|
Term
| The difference b/t the dorsal and ventral stream for visual information? |
|
Definition
-Dorsal stream flows to the frontal lobe via the post-parietal cortex
--AKA action stream
--Helps adjust limb movements
-The Ventral stream flows to temporal lobe
--AKA perceptual stream
--helps identify objects |
|
|
Term
| Action stream for visual information |
|
Definition
-flows dorsally via post-parietal cortex to frontal lobe
-helps adjust limb movements
-processed by visual association cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nuclei that interpret facial expressions, body language and social signals.
-essential for social behavior and emotional learning
Together the
amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate gyrus regulate emotional
behaviors and motivation.
- The amygdala consists of an almond-shaped collection of
nuclei deep to the uncus in the temporal lobe. |
|
|
Term
| area, corresponding to Broca’s area |
|
Definition
region of the cerebral cortex inferior to the
premotor area and anterior to the face and throat region of the primary motor cortex.
Usually in the right hemisphere. Plans nonverbal communication, including
emotional gestures and adjusting the tone of voice. |
|
|
Term
| area, corresponding to Wernicke’s area |
|
Definition
subregion of the parietotemporal cortex where
interpretation of the nonverbal signals from other people and understanding of spatial
relationships occur. Usually located on the right side. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| axons connecting cortical regions within one hemisphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thalamic nuclei that connect reciprocally with large areas of cerebral
cortex. Association nuclei are found in the anterior thalamus, medial thalamus, and
dorsal tier of the lateral thalamus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
region of cortex that provides instructions for language output, including
planning the movements to produce speech and providing grammatical function
words, such as the articles a, an, and the. Located inferior to the premotor area and
anterior to the face and throat region of the primary motor cortex, usually in the left
hemisphere. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
histologic regions of the cerebral cortex mapped by Brodmann.
Often used to designate functional areas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gray matter covering the cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| axons connecting homologous areas of the nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large fiber bundle connecting the right and left cerebral cortices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a steroid hormone that mobilizes energy (glucose), suppresses immune
responses, and serves as an antiinflammatory agent. Secreted by the adrenal glands.
Syn.: hydrocortisone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the major structure of the epithalamus is the pineal gland, an endocrine
gland innervated by sympathetic fibers. The pineal gland is believed to help regulate
circadian (daily) rhythms and influence the secretions of the pituitary gland, adrenals,
and parathyroids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arch-shaped fiber bundle connecting the hippocampus with the mamillary body
and anterior nucleus of the thalamus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of the limbic system. Important in processing, but not storage of,
declarative memories. Formed by the gray and white matter of two gyri rolled
together in the medial temporal lobe. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the ventromedial part of the diencephalon. Plays a major role in
regulation of the autonomic and endocrine systems, and contributes to emotional and
motivational states. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
e axons connecting the cerebral cortex with subcortical structures. The
internal capsule is white matter bordered by the thalamus medially and the caudate
and lenticular nucleus laterally. The internal capsule has three parts: anterior limb,
genu, and posterior limb. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of the cerebral cortex involved in regulating mood
(subjective feelings), affect (observable demeanor), and processing of some types of
memory. Located in the anterior temporal lobe and in the orbitofrontal cortex (above
the eyes). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of the limbic system. A C-shaped region of cortex located on the
medial hemisphere, consisting of the cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and
uncus (a medial protrusion of the parahippocampal gyrus). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
regions of the cerebral cortex involved in organizing movement.
Motor planning areas include supplementary motor area, premotor area, Broca’s area,
and the area corresponding to Broca’s area. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thalamic nuclei that receive multiple types of input and project to
widespread areas of cortex. This functional group includes the reticular, midline, and
intralaminar nuclei, important in consciousness and arousal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
group of neurons located at the junction of the head of the caudate
and the anterior part of the putamen. Involved in reward, pleasure, and addiction. |
|
|
Term
| areas, parietotemporal association |
|
Definition
part of the cerebral cortex devoted to intelligence,
problem solving, and comprehension of communication and spatial relationships.
Located at the junction of the parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anterior part of the frontal cortex, responsible for self-awareness and
executive functions (also called goal-oriented behavior). Executive functions include
deciding on a goal, planning how to accomplish the goal, executing the plan, and
monitoring the outcome of the action. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls trunk and girdle muscles via the medial upper motor neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of the cerebral cortex. Origin of many cortical upper motor
neurons that influence contralateral voluntary movements, particularly the fine,
fractionated movements of the hand and face. Located in the precentral gyrus,
anterior to the central sulcus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
areas of the cerebral cortex that receive sensory information
directly from the ventral tier of thalamic nuclei. Each primary sensory area
discriminates among different intensities and qualities of one type of sensory input.
Separate primary sensory areas are devoted to somatosensory, auditory, visual, and
vestibular information. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of the basal ganglia circuit, involved in regulating movement. The
subthalamus facilitates the basal ganglia output nuclei. The subthalamus is located
superior to the substantia nigra of the midbrain. |
|
|
Term
| area, supplementary motor |
|
Definition
a region of the cerebral cortex involved in preparing for
movement, orientation of the eyes and head, and planning bimanual and sequential movements. Located anterior to the lower body region of the primary motor cortex on
the superior and medial surface of the hemisphere. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
subregion of the parietotemporal cortex where comprehension of
language occurs. Usually located on the left side. |
|
|
Term
| Lesion to posterior limb of the internal capsule results in |
|
Definition
| -contralateral deficits of voluntary movement and conscious somatosensation |
|
|
Term
| Lesion of primary auditory cortex results in |
|
Definition
| loss of conscious localization of sounds |
|
|
Term
| lesion of somatosensory association area results in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lesion of primary visual cortex results in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lesion of Caudate nucleus resluts in |
|
Definition
| -apathy, w/ loss of initiative, spontaneous thought, and/or emotional responses |
|
|
Term
| lesion of Visual association cortex results in.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you:cannot pick up a pen when asked to do so, but able to pick up a pen automatically when you want to write You have... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you: cannont individually move the fingers on one hand You have... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you: cannot plan, comppletely lack initiative You have... |
|
Definition
| executive function deficits |
|
|
Term
| If you: repeatedly pick up an object although you intended to put it down You have... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you: Cannot speak or write fluently, but can understand speech and gestures; and have no difficulty with chewing or swallowing You have... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you: speak w/ difficulty; speech is harsh and robotic; language comprehension is not imparied than You have... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are the worst deficits seen distally in people w/ severe lesions of the primary motor cortex? |
|
Definition
The most severe functional losses occur in the hands, feet, and facial muscles
following injury to the primary motor cortex because fine motor control is provided
exclusively by the contralateral primary motor cortex. |
|
|
Term
| Why do people w/ orbitofrontal lesions exhibit poor judgment despite intact intellectual abilities? |
|
Definition
Following lesions to the orbitofrontal cortex, people may exhibit poor judgment
associated with impulsive behavior and poor awareness of the sense of risk. |
|
|
Term
| Can people with declarative memory deficits lean new motor skills? Why or why not? |
|
Definition
Yes, people with declarative memory deficits can learn new motor skills because
motor and declarative memory are processed by different areas within the CNS. |
|
|
Term
| The inability to understand written or spoken language despite the ability to produce fluent speech is characterized as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dysarthria is caused by a lesion of |
|
Definition
| lower motorneurons or corticobulbar neurons |
|
|
Term
| Synonyms for Broca's aphasia include |
|
Definition
-Motor aphasia
-Expressive aphasia
-Nonfluent aphasia |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following best defines anosognosia? |
|
Definition
| Denial of functional deficits in the paretic limb |
|
|
Term
| If a person speaks in a monotone, is unable to effectively communicate nonverbally, and lacks emotional gestures and facial expressions, the lesion is located in: |
|
Definition
| Area corresponding to Broca's in the nondominant hemishere? |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following may occur w/ damage to the area corresponding to Wernicke's area? |
|
Definition
-Inability to understand nonverbal communication
-personal neglect
-spatial neglect |
|
|
Term
| What characterizes spatial neglect? |
|
Definition
-navigation apraxia
-dressing apraxia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to recognize the shape, orientation, or size of objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to orient the hand to objects when reaching, despite being able to describe and identify the objects based on visual information |
|
|
Term
| Describe Attention deficit disorder |
|
Definition
| difficulty in sustaining attention, with onset during childhood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sudden episodes of involuntary moements, disruption of autonomic regulation, illusions, and/or hallucinations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disorientation w/ impaired memory, judgement, and intellect |
|
|
Term
| Describe contraversive pushing |
|
Definition
| loss of midline orientation relative to gravity when sitting or standing |
|
|
Term
| What typically occurs following traumatic head injury? |
|
Definition
-impulsiveness and inappropriate behaviors
-difficulty in directing attention
-decreased executive functions |
|
|
Term
| Consequences of violent shaking of an infant may include: |
|
Definition
-cerebra edema
-cerebral hemorrhage
-development of motor abnormalities as the infant matures
-emergence of cognitive deficits as the infant matures |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following describes the motor control approach to regaining function subsequent to a stroke? |
|
Definition
| The desired task is practiced in teh environment where the client wil be performing the task. |
|
|
Term
Name location of lesion with disorder:
Inability to name objects, despite intatct automatic social speech |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name location of lesion with disorder: Inability to button a shirt despite intact sensation, motor control, and understanding of the task |
|
Definition
| premotor or supplementary motor areas |
|
|
Term
| Name location of lesion with disorder: Inability to answer the questions "where are we now?" and "In which city and state do you live?" |
|
Definition
| hippocampus, wernicke's area, or broca's area |
|
|
Term
Name location of lesion with disorder:
Inability to identify an object by touch and manipulation, despite having intact awareness of discriminative touch |
|
Definition
| Somatosensory association cortex |
|
|
Term
| What is the differenct b/t a somatoform disorder and malingering? |
|
Definition
In somatoform disorders, no external gain can be identified. In contrast when a person
is malingering, an external gain can be identified. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
general term for the inability to recognize objects when using a specific sense,
even though discriminative ability with that sense is intact. Specific types of agnosia
include astereognosis, visual agnosia, and auditory agnosia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diminished or lost ability to produce written language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diminished or lost ability to comprehend written language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
disorder of language expression or comprehension. Deficit in the ability to
produce understandable speech and writing or the ability to understand written and
spoken language. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inability to perform a movement or sequence of movements despite intact
sensation, automatic motor output, and understanding of the task |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inability to identify objects by touch and manipulation despite intact
discriminative somatosensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
speech disorder resulting from paralysis, incoordination, or hyperstiffness of
muscles used for speaking. Caused by upper or lower motor neuron lesions or muscle
dysfunction. Comprehension of spoken language, writing, and reading are not
affected by dysarthria. Two types of dysarthria may be distinguished: spastic, caused
by damage of upper motor neurons, and flaccid, resulting from damage to lower
motor neurons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
difficulty expressing oneself by language or symbols. A person with
Broca’s aphasia has deficits in both speaking and writing. Syn.: motor aphasia,
expressive aphasia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
impairment of language comprehension. People with Wernicke’s
aphasia easily produce spoken sounds, but the output is often meaningless. Listening
to other people speak is equally meaningless, despite the ability to hear normally.
Syn.: receptive aphasia, sensory aphasia. |
|
|
