Term
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Definition
| photoreceptors with achromatic vision sensitive to low light |
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Term
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Definition
| photoreceptors with chromatic vision and acuity sensitive to more light |
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Term
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Definition
| glial supporting cells for retinal neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| connect photoreceptor cells to ganglion cells |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of lipids/complement factors/matrix proteins, no effect on vision, hard (yellow) and soft (larger indistinct) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| blood supply to optic chiasm |
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Term
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Definition
| blood supply to optic tract |
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Term
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Definition
| blood supply to lateral geniculate |
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Term
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Definition
| blood supply to optic radiations and visual cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of both visual fields in an eye |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of a visual hemifield (N or T) |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of a visual quadrant (S or I) |
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Term
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Definition
| visual field loss on same side of both eyes (i.e. L-T and R-N) |
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Term
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Definition
| visual field loss on different fields of both eyes (i.e. L-T & R-T) |
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Term
| Brachium of superior colliculus |
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Definition
| pathway of retinal ganglion cells on the way to the pretectal area |
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Term
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Definition
| crossing place of neurons from pretectal area on their way to the Edinger-Westphal nuclei |
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Term
| Lesion of afferent limb of pupillary light reflex (optic n, optic tract, brachium of superior colliculus) |
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Definition
ipsi- no direct or consensual response
contra- direct and consensual response |
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Term
| Lesion of efferent limb of pupillary light reflex (E-W fibers, fibers to ciliary ganglia, fibers to constrictor pupillae) |
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Definition
ipsi- no direct, yes consensual
contra- yes direct, no consensual |
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Term
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Definition
| medial rectus m. contraction allows image to hit fovea of both retinas |
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Term
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Definition
| ciliary m. contraction releases tension on lens (rounds up) |
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Term
| Flexner-wintersteiner rosette |
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Definition
| around lumen, better prognosis in RB |
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Term
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Definition
| no central lumen, poor prognosis in RB |
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Term
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Definition
| synapse onto rods and cones, mediate surrounding response by GABA inhibition |
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Term
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Definition
| synapse onto bipolar and ganglion cells, inhibit opposite nearby ganglion cells |
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Term
| Characteristics of Rod cells |
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Definition
| night vision, low temporal resolution, scattered light, low acuity, achromatic |
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Term
| Characteristics of Cone cells |
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Definition
| day vision, high temporal resolution, direct axial rays, high acuity, chromatic |
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Term
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Definition
| connect inner segment (cell nucleus) to outer segment (free-floating photopigment discs) |
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Term
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Definition
| large receptive fields, input mainly from rods, analysis of gross features of stimulus/movement |
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Term
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Definition
| small receptive fields, wavelength (color) sensitive, analysis of fine detail of visual image |
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Term
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Definition
| mixed functions, pupillary light reflex |
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Term
| Lateral geniculate processing |
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Definition
ipsi: layers 2,3,5
contra: layers 1,4,6
M-cells: 1,2
P-cells: 3,4,5,6 |
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Term
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Definition
| overlapping and adjacent fields form "on-center" zone, perpendicular=no response, increasing response as stimulus lines up with field |
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Term
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Definition
| simple cells with an axis of orientation, particular edge must be illuminated, increasing response with more stimulus |
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Term
| movement-sensitive complex cells |
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Definition
| must have proper orientation and direction of movement across receptive field, movement against receptive field decreases stimulus response |
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Term
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Definition
| groups respond to stimuli along specific axis of orientation, 5-10 degree shift at each column |
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Term
| Occular dominance columns |
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Definition
| represent input from one eye |
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Term
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Definition
| a pair of L&R occular dominance columns, retinotopic orientation |
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Term
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Definition
| no specific orientation, involved in color processing |
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Term
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Definition
| primary, basic visual processing of edges and orientation |
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Term
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Definition
| continued visual processing |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| visual recognition of objects |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| unknown visual processing function |
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Term
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Definition
| general/focal injury to an axon causes demyelination |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| axon damage distal to focal site (transection), remyelination shortens internode distance |
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Term
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Definition
| schwann cells collecting around damaged axons during remyelination |
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Term
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Definition
| melanocytic hamartomas, well-defined yellow and brown on iris surface |
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Term
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Definition
| connects homologous lobes |
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Term
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Definition
| connects temporal lobes and olfactory bulbs |
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Term
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Definition
| interconnect adjacent gyri |
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Term
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Definition
| connects parahippocompal and cingulate gyri |
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Term
| Superior occipitofrontal fasciculus |
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Definition
| connects dorsal portions of frontal/parietal/occipital lobes |
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Term
| Inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus |
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Definition
| connects occipital/temporal/parietal lobes |
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Term
| superior longitudinal fasciculus |
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Definition
| connects all lobes and broca's/wernicke's areas IPSILATERALLY |
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Term
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Definition
| connects frontal and temporal lobes |
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Term
| Frontal lobe motor area (precentral gyrus-4) |
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Definition
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Term
| Frontal lobe premotor area (6) |
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Definition
| planning and initiation of voluntary movements |
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Term
| Broca's area (44&45 of dominant hemisphere) |
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Definition
| controls motor programs for muscles of speech |
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Term
| Prefrontal association areas |
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Definition
| weighing consequences, planning, motivation, personality |
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Term
| Parietal multimodal association area (39,40) |
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Definition
| integrate somatosensory/visual/auditory info, defines intra and extrapersonal space |
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Term
| Occipital visual association areas (18&19) |
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Definition
| interpretation of visual info |
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Term
| Temporal wernicke's area (caudal 22 in dominant hemisphere) |
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Definition
| comprehension of written an spoken language |
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Term
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Definition
| desyncrhonized EEG, wide awake with eyes open |
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Term
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Definition
| rest with eyes closed not concentrating, blocked when eyes are open (B-waves) |
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Term
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Definition
| parietal and temporal regions of children even when awake, adults indicative of light sleep and certain types of emotional stress |
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Term
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Definition
| deep sleep, infancy, coma |
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Term
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Definition
| very drowsy, O-waves start appearing, responde to conversation but do not remember it |
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Term
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Definition
| light sleep, O-waves with sleep spindles (a-wave complexes) and k-complexes (large biphasic waves) |
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Term
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Definition
| moderately deep sleep, 20-50% d-waves, remainder are O-waves |
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Term
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Definition
| deep sleep, at least 50% large-amplitude d-waves |
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Term
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Definition
| paradoxial, EEG is B-wave, reflects wakefulness |
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Term
| Characteristics of Slow-wave sleep |
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Definition
| low metabolism/HR/BP/RR, no dreams, yes nightmares, enuresis and somnambulism (stages 3&4) |
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Term
| Characteristics of REM sleep |
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Definition
| desynchronized B-waves, irregular/faster HR/RR/muscle movement, decreased muscle tone, dreaming |
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Term
| Passive theory of sleep initiation |
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Definition
| result of CNS fatigue (reticular activating system) |
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Term
| Active theory of sleep initiation |
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Definition
| increase in synchronizing inputs, stimulation of certain areas causes sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| underdevelopment of squamous bones of the cranium |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| agyria, absence of fissures/convolutions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| due to trauma/anoxia/tumors/encephalitis/toxicity/withdrawal |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal voltage channels, decreased inhibition and increased excitation |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased inhibition and increased excitation, alterations in ionic environment |
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Term
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Definition
| alterations in ionic environment, recruitment of normal circuits |
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Term
| Paroxysmal depolarizing shift |
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Definition
| key characteristic of neruons in epileptic cortical zones |
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Term
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Definition
| do not respond to therapy |
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Term
| +Chronotropic effects (shorten R-R interval) |
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Definition
| SA node is principle pacemaker with spontaneous APs (overdrive suppression of slower pacemakers), Phase 4 pacemaker has positive slope in SA, time to threshold affected by rate of phase 4/starting point/threshold potential, B1-agonists increase phase 4 slope (increased HR) |
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Term
| +Dromotropic effects (shorten P-R interval) |
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Definition
| AV node conducts APs to ventricles, slow impulses allow ventricles to fill from atria before contracting |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormally long P-R intervals |
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Term
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Definition
| occassional QRS dropped (mobitz type I) or periodic QRS dropped (mobitz type II), expressed as #P waves:#QRS complexes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Frank starling mechanism (stretch optimizes posotion of contractile proteins and increased contraction), stretch measured by EDV and EDP, contractile force measured by SV, B1-agonists increase myocardial contractility |
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Term
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Definition
| increased rate of relaxation accompanies increased contractility |
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Term
| Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia |
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Definition
| accessory conduction between atria and ventricles, SA node reactivates atrial muscle for another contraction, palpations and inefficient ventricular filling |
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Term
| Cluster A personality disorders (odd/eccentric) |
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Definition
| schizotypal, schizoid, paranoid |
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Term
| Cluster B personality disorders (dramatic/emotional/erratic) |
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Definition
| borderline, narcissistic, histrionic, antisocial |
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Term
| Cluster C personality disorders (anxious/fearful) |
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Definition
| dependent, avoidant, obsessive-compulsive |
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