Term
|
Definition
| difficulty with distant objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difficulty with close objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| irregular curvature of eye, difficulty with focus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of accomodation due to aging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opacity of lens impairs vision, usually due to aging/diabetes/UV/smoking/infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separation of RPE and photoreceptor cell layers, damages rods and cones, usually due to decreased IOP/trauma/vascular disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cornea/iris angle closed, no drainage of aqueous humor, acute and painful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dysfunctional drainage, slow onset |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normal-function drainage, unknown cause |
|
|
Term
| Dry (ischemic) Macular Degeneration |
|
Definition
| bruch's membrane thickens, atrophy of RPE, loss of choroidal capillaries |
|
|
Term
| Wet (edema) macular degeneration |
|
Definition
| due to neovascularization with leaky fragile vessels/scaring/fibrosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased ICP pushes CSF in meninges against optic n., increasing blind spot with gradual vision loss, venous engorgement/hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| choroidal neovascularization |
|
|
Term
| 2nd most common cause of AMD |
|
Definition
| geographic atrophy of RPE and photoreceptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| retinal neovascularization from venules, BM thickens/vascular aletrations/pericyte loss/microaneurysms, nonperfusion leads to hypoxia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| associated with macular edema of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| associated with retinal neovascularization in proliferative diabetic retinopathy |
|
|
Term
| Proliferative diabetic retinopathy |
|
Definition
| hyperglycemia causes vasoconstriction and edema, pericyte apoptosis and peroxynitrite (ROS) cause endothelial instability, ECM deposition causes TGF-B-mediated BM thickening, PAF causes platelet aggregation and thrombic ischemia, leukocytes with defective actin polymerization obstruct blood flow, increased IGF and PDGF-AB (proangiogenic), decreased PEDF (antiangiogenic) |
|
|
Term
| Retinopathy of prematurity |
|
Definition
| hyperoxia for premature infants causes retinal vascular development to stop, neovascularization and retinal detachment, VEGF decreased in hyperoxia (Phase I), VEGF increased in hypoxia (Phase II), decreased IGF from placenta/amniotic fluid due to prematurity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bitemporal heteronymous hemianopsia |
|
|
Term
| Lesion of right optic tract |
|
Definition
| left homonymous hemianopsia |
|
|
Term
| Lesion of right Meyer's loop |
|
Definition
| left superior quadrantanopia of right nasal and left temporal fields |
|
|
Term
| Lesion of right optic radiations in occipital lobe |
|
Definition
| left homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing |
|
|
Term
| Lesion of right direct nerves to cuneus |
|
Definition
| left inferior quadrantanopia of right nasal and left temporal field with macular sparing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparing |
|
|
Term
| Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (Marcus-Gunn Pupil) |
|
Definition
| incomplete afferent lesion rostral to optic chiasm, pupil constricts only during consensual, use swinging-flashlight test to see dilation of affected eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compression of pretectal area and superior colliculus, conjugate paralysis of upward gaze, usually due to pineal tumor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lesion of ciliary ganglion or postgang. parasymp. fibers (efferent limb), pupil will not constrict to light, normal response to miosis/mydriasis drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chronic small & irregular pupil, constricts more to accomodation than light, due to bilateral damage to pretectal/E-W nuclei caused by neurosyphilis/MS/diabetes |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of blindness 20-40 yo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of background (non-proliferative) DR |
|
Definition
| microaneurysms, retinal hemorrhages (flame- nerve fiber, dot/blot-inner plexiform/nuclear layers, boat-pre-retinal layer), hard exudates in outer plexiform layer (lipid-laden macrophages) |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of proliferative DR |
|
Definition
| retinal capillary nonperfusion, neovascularigenesis (VEGF) from retinal venules into inner limiting membrane, proliferation of vitreoretinal interface, contraction causing vitreous hemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of blindness >50 yo |
|
Definition
| Age-related macular degeneration |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of dry AMD |
|
Definition
| drusen, pigmentary changes (RPE atrophy/hypertrophy/hyperplasia), geographyic atrophy of RPE (loss of rods/cones/RPE/choriocapillaris) |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Wet AMD |
|
Definition
| soft drusen, choroidal neovascularization, sutbretinal neovascularization between retina/RPE and under RPE, fibrosis and disciform macular scar |
|
|
Term
| Most common childhood intraocular tumor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of retinoblastoma |
|
Definition
| bilateral tumors indicate hereditary factors, unifocal and unilteral (2 somatic mutations) or multifocal and bilateral (1 somatic and 1 germinal mutation), increased chance of femoral osteosarcoma, metastasis/mortality increased with optic nerve involvement or invasion of choroid |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of choroidal melanoma |
|
Definition
| pigment in vitreous chamber blocks light during translumination, callendar classification (mixed-most common, spindle B, spindle A, epithelioid-most deadly), size of tumor most reliable prognosis (<1cm3 or >1cm3) |
|
|
Term
| Causes of painful peripheral neuropathy |
|
Definition
| diabetes, alcohol, HIV, post-herpes, medications, toxins, vitamin deficiency, uremia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complement/IgG/Tcells attack myelination, ascending muscle weakness and paresthesia, worsens for days then 80% of patients recover, affects peripheral nerves and spinal nerve roots |
|
|
Term
| Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy |
|
Definition
| schwann cell proliferation with onion bulbs, symmetrical weakness, treat with IV Ig |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only non-genetic disease with enlarged peripheral nerves, granulomatous inflammation, M. leprae bacillis in macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| virus in sensory ganglion, follow dermatomal patterns |
|
|
Term
| Charcot-Marie Tooth Disease |
|
Definition
| type 1 HMSN, motor symptoms with gradual vib/prop loss, psecavus with hammertoe, enlarged peripheral nerves, mutations in connexin32/MPZ/PMP22 |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Neuropathy from Adult-onset Diabetes |
|
Definition
| most common cause of peripheral neuropathy in western world, autonomic/focal/multifocal asymmetric neuropathy, difficult to treat, microangiopathy, hyalination of vessel wall and thinly myelinated fibers, shooting/burning pain with ulcers |
|
|
Term
| Sensorimotor polyneuropathy |
|
Definition
| especially found with small-cell lung carcinoma (Hu protein) |
|
|
Term
| Paraneoplastic neuropathy |
|
Definition
| plasma cell dyscriasis (increased Ig) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| benign, forms at side of nerve, compact intertwining fascicles (Antoni A) and loose myxoid stroma (Antoni B), NF2 (merlin) mutation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| benign, incorporates axons, NF1 (neurofibromin) mutation, wavy schwann cells, neurofilaments with axons in tumor |
|
|
Term
| Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor |
|
Definition
| aggressive, arise after radiation therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cafe-au-lait macules, cutaneous neurofibromas, plexiform neurofibromas (can transform to MPNST), Lisch iris nodules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bilateral vestibular schwannomas at CP angle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disordered nerve fibers, painful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nerve compression at root of neck (scalene mm.), C8&T1 most impinged against ribs, radiating arm pain/numbness, weakness of hand muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| injury to C5/C6 roots, due to forceful lateral flexion of the neck, weakness of deltoids and biceps brachi, waiter's tip (arm medially rotated/hung at side/adducted/extended, forearm pronated/extended), numbness on lateral arm and forearm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| damage to C8/T1, often damages sympathetic chain (Horner's Syndrome), due to forceful arm abduction, weakness of intrinsic hand muscles and finger flexors/extensors |
|
|
Term
| Long thoracic nerve damage |
|
Definition
| damage to C5-C7, weakness of serratus anterior, winged scapula (posterior deviation) |
|
|
Term
| Musculocutaneous nerve injury |
|
Definition
| C5-C7, numbness of lateral forearm, partial elbow flexion due to brachioradialis (radial n.), weakness of forearm flexors |
|
|
Term
| Proximal Median nerve injury |
|
Definition
| C5-T1, pronator syndrome (hand of benediction), numbness of lateral 3.5 digits, anterior interosseous syndrome (loss of distal phalange flexion, no "ok"), atrophy of forearm flexors and thenar |
|
|
Term
| Distal median nerve injury |
|
Definition
| carpal tunnel syndrome (compression in flexor retinaculum), palmar cutaneous br. exits prior to tunnel (no loss of palm sensation), median n. palsy (ape hand) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| due to humeral fracture (proximal) or supinator entrapment (distal), "wrist-drop", sensory loss on dorsum of hand, weakness of wrist extensors |
|
|
Term
| Posterior interosseous syndrome |
|
Definition
| wrist drop, no sensory deficits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most common peripheral nerve injury, due to compression of cutibal tunnel or Guyon's canal, numbness of medial 1.5 digits, interosseous m. wasting and loss of flexor digit minimi, "claw hand" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compression of femoral and lateral cutaneous n. of thigh, "bikini-brief syndrome", loss of sensatino of thigh and medial leg |
|
|
Term
| Superior Gluteal nerve injury |
|
Definition
| weakness of gluteus medius/minimus, loss of hip abduction, positive Trendelenburg sign (drop to contra side when standing on affected leg) |
|
|
Term
| Inferior gluteal nerve injury |
|
Definition
| weakness in hip extension, difficulty standing after sitting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| L2-L4, weakness of hip flexion and leg extension, sensory deficit of anterior thigh and medial leg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| L4-S3, weakness in all lower extremity muscles, sensory deficit of lateral leg and all of foot |
|
|
Term
| Common peroneal nerve injury |
|
Definition
| L4-S2, foot drop, weakness of dorsiflexion and toe extension, sensory deficits of dorsal surface |
|
|
Term
| Lesion of frontal lobe motor area |
|
Definition
| contra hemiparesis (more spastic with more area involvement) |
|
|
Term
| Lesion of frontal premotor area |
|
Definition
| apraxia- difficulty performing previously-learned movement |
|
|
Term
| Lesion of frontal eye fields (8) |
|
Definition
irritative-contra conjugate eye deviation
ablative-ipsi conjugate eye deviation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonfluent, cannot speak, often depressed |
|
|
Term
| Lesion of prefrontal association areas |
|
Definition
| loss of judgment/initiative/insight/social skills |
|
|
Term
| Lesion of parietal primary somatosensory areas (postcentral gyrus 3,1,2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alexia (can't read), agraphia (can't write), anomia (can't name objects), finger agnosia (can't figure which finger), constructive apraxia (can't draw), R/L confusion |
|
|
Term
| Lesion of nondominant lobe |
|
Definition
| sensory neglect on opposite side, ignores objects/persons/movement |
|
|
Term
| Lesion of occipital primary visual cortex (17) |
|
Definition
| contra homonymous hemianopia |
|
|
Term
| Lesion of occipital visual association areas |
|
Definition
| visual agnosia- bilateral difficulty recognizing what is seen |
|
|
Term
| Lesion of Occipital ventral visual association areas (18,19,temporal) |
|
Definition
| prosopagnosia-failure to recognize well-known faces |
|
|
Term
| Lesion of temporal primary auditory cortex (41&42) |
|
Definition
| bilateral hearing impairment, worse contra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluent, verbal paraphasias, neologisms |
|
|
Term
| Temporal parahippocampal region |
|
Definition
bilateral ablative-anterograde amnesia (loss after lesion)
irritative-seizures |
|
|
Term
| Lesion of temporal inferolateral regions |
|
Definition
| bilateral-retrograde amnesia (loss of before lesion) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lesion of arcuate fasciculus in dominant hemisphere, speak easily with verbal paraphasias, naming and reading impaired |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lesion of Broca's and Wernicke's areas, cannot understand or articulate, right hemiplagia/hemianesthesia/homonymous hemianopsia (internal capsule damage) |
|
|
Term
| Lesion of reticular-activating system |
|
Definition
| coma and sleep-like state |
|
|
Term
| Lesion of median raphe nuclei |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abrupt onset of 15min of REM sleep, inability to suppress brain areas causing REM, cataplexy (abrupt loss of muscle tone causes falling), sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations, treat with stimulants and antidepressants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| frequent pauses in breathing, obstructive (collapse in airway) or central (suppression of medullary respiratory systems) or mixed, decreased blood O2 and increased blood CO2, arousal hundreds of times per night, treat with continuous-pressure breathing sleep device |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a-fetoprotein in maternal serum, folate is important, raschischisis (severe spina bifida with open defect over many spinal segments) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased risk of meningitis, no latex gloves (can cause allergy) |
|
|
Term
| Arnold-Chiari Malformation (Chiari Type II) |
|
Definition
| small posterior fossa, herniation of posterior brain into foramen magnum, elongation of inferior vermis, aqueductal stenosis and obstructive hydrocephalus, subependymal nodules with ventricles (neurons did not migrate from sub-cortical zone) |
|
|
Term
| Dandy-Walker Malformation |
|
Definition
| large posterior fossa, cystic dilation of 4th ventricle, no cerebellar vermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only cerebellar tonsils herniate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 10% physician accident/90% static injury in gestation, spasticity/dystonia/ataxia/athetosis(writhing)/paresis, can be caused by hemorrhage or infection |
|
|
Term
| Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage |
|
Definition
| most common cause of intraventricular hemorrhage, infarcts in subventricular zone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leukomalacia (white matter damage), necrosis, in 3rd trimester |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| necrosis of brain parenchyma, in-utero injury in 2nd trimester |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failure of normal sulcation even at leval of thalamus and hypothalamus, thick band of grey matter under surface due to cell bodies not migrating to surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microcephaly with bitemporal hollowing, deletion of LIS1 at 17p13.3 (haploinsufficiency) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| localized (focal) onset of discharge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temporal (limbic) epilepsy, loss of consciousness, aura/sensory illusions |
|
|
Term
| Complex partial seizure, secondarily generalized |
|
Definition
| partial seizure progresses to generalized seizure |
|
|
Term
| Absence General seizure (petit mal) |
|
Definition
| childhood, brief loss of consciousness, freeze or stare |
|
|
Term
| Tonic-clonic generalized seizure (grand mal) |
|
Definition
| major convulsions, sudden loss of consciousness, prodrome |
|
|
Term
| Myoclonic generalized seizure |
|
Definition
| jerking of muscles of neck and shoulder flexors |
|
|
Term
| Atonic generalized seizure |
|
Definition
| loss of postural tone, head sagging, falling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repeated seizures without regaining consciousness, life-threatening medical emergency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lissencephaly, agenesis of corpus callosum, sex-linked, trisomy 13/18/5P (cri-du-chat), TEST SERUM GLUCOSE ASAP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypotonia, cryptorchidism, obesity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cryptorchidism, hypospadias, vomiting, seizures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anteverted nostrils, carp mouth, micromelia, unibrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| broad thumb and toes, narrow nose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| due to toxoplasmosis (diffuse CNS calcifications, CMV (periventricular calcifications), or herpes (temporal lesions) |
|
|
Term
| Toxic exposure microcephaly |
|
Definition
| due to radiation, fetal alcohol syndrome, or PKU, CHECK PK IMMEDIATELY AND ONE WEEK AFTER |
|
|
Term
| Complications causing microcephaly |
|
Definition
| intrauterine or neonatal hemorrhage/stroke, prematurity, pregnancy-induced hypotension, maternal cocaine use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intermittent and paroxysmal, frequently severe, aura, nausea/vomiting/photphobia/phonophobia/pallor, classic is hemi-cranial, children have bi-temporal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prolonged and continuous, pressure, occipital-nucal or bitemporal, stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| night-awakening, early-morning onset vomiting, intracranial lesion until otherwise proven |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| due to infection or fever-triggered epilepsy, rapidity of body temperature (not height of temperature) increase, risk factors are family history or abnormal neuro exams |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brief and benign, no treatment, non-focal/non-recurrent in 24h/infrequent (<3 episodes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prolonged and focal, multiple and recurrent (>3 episodes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| males (complete), females (attempt), older, white, protestant/jewish, divorce/widowed (especially recent), unemployed, FAMILY HISTORY, PAST HISTORY, isolated, urban, substance abuse, mental illness, chronic medical conditions, falling from high social status, physician/musician/dentist/police/lawyers/insurance |
|
|
Term
| Risk factors for violence |
|
Definition
| recent acts, carrying weapons, substance abuse, paranoia, command hallucinations, psychomotor agitation, frontal lobe damage, catatonic excitement, manic episodes, personality disorders, male, 15-24, low socioeconomic status |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deficits in social/interpersonal relationships, cognitive/perceptual distortions, eccentric behavior or idiosyncratic speech, lack of close friends/confidants, inappropriate/constricted affect, social anxiety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pervasive distrust/unwarranted suspsiciousness, tendency to misinterpret acts of others, grudges, questions loyalty/fidelity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| detachment from social relationships, indifference and restricted expression, lacks friends/confidants, little pleasure in activities/sex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unstable interpersonal relationships, impulsivity, idealization/devaluation fluctuates, suicidal behavior/threats/thoughts/self-mutilation, instability/lability of affect, feelings of emptiness/anger, dissociation and identity disturbance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grandiose sense of self-importance, expects to be recognized as special/superior/unique, arrogant/condescending/haughty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emotionality and attention-seeking, provocative/seductive/flirtatious, sensitive about aging, physical appearance to draw attention, suggestible/dramatic, believes relationships are more intimate than they really are |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disregard for/violation of rights of others, deceitful/impulsive, unlawful/non-conforming to social norms, reckless/irresponsible/irritable/aggressive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excessive need, submissive/clingy, difficulty with everyday decisions, needs excessive reassurance/advice, difficulty expressing disagreement, toruble initiating/low self-confidence, uncomfortable/helpless when alone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| socially inhibited, inadequacy/hypersensitive to criticism, difficulty with intimate relations, fear of risks/rejection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| preoccupied/perfectionistic, excessively devoted to work, overconscientious/inflexible, rigid/stubborn/reluctant/lack spontaneity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| >1 manic episodes, hypomanic/depression/mixed, M=F |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| >1 major depression and >1 hypomanic episodes, no mania, F>M |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alternating hypomania/low-grade depression, no major depressor of mania |
|
|
Term
| Major Depressive Disorder |
|
Definition
| SIGECAPS (sleep/interest/guilt/energy/concentration/appetite/psychomotor activity/suicidal thoughts), 2 weeks, mild/moderate/severe with or without psychotic features, F>M, wait until 2 months after death of loved one |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GREATSAD (grandiosity/RACING THOUGHTS/elevated or irritable mood/activities-goals/talkativeness/sleep need/activities-reckless/distractible, mania is >1 week, hypomanic is >4 days |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| potentially life-threatening, interactions with MAOIs, complicated by St. John's Wort, autonomic/cognitive/motor effects |
|
|
