Term
|
Definition
| Segmental vs. Suprasegmental |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Consciousness
Isolated action of individual cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coordination of differing activities |
|
|
Term
| Redundant Representations |
|
Definition
| Different sensory modalities used to describe one object |
|
|
Term
| Parallel and Serial Processing |
|
Definition
| Information travels linearly through levels of the system. This information is analyzed by serial processing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Positive and Negative feedback. information that the brain receives back from stimulus and decides how to react. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Localization of Function
Topographic Organization
Hemespheric Specialization
Phyolgenic Layers
Columnar Organization
Convergence/Divergence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Levels of Analysis
Emergent Properties
Distributed Control
Redundant Representations
Parallel and Serial Processing
Feedback
Integration
Adapatation |
|
|
Term
| Neural tube develops into |
|
Definition
CNS,
spinal cord and brain |
|
|
Term
| Neural Crest Cells develop into... |
|
Definition
PNS
Dorsal root ganglia cells,
schwann cells,
ANS
melanocytes |
|
|
Term
Embryology
(formation of neural tube) |
|
Definition
1. Formation of neural plate
2. Elevation of Neural folds
3. Fusion of neural folds on the midline and closure of the neural tube
4. Separation of the neural fold cells from Neural tube and ectoderm and formation of neural crest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dorsal Sulcus limitans
sensory part of neural tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anterior Sulcus Limitans
Motor part of Neural tube
alpha and gamma motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| Neural Tube expands rostrally into... |
|
Definition
3 Primary vesicles
Rhombencephalon
Mesencephalon
Prosencephalon |
|
|
Term
| Rhombencephalon is split into... |
|
Definition
2 parts
Myelencephalon
Metencephalon |
|
|
Term
| Prosencephalon is split into... |
|
Definition
2 parts
Diencephalon
Telencephalon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cerebral Hemispheres
Basal Ganglia |
|
|
Term
| Secondary Vesicles form... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the remainder of the Neural Tube helps form... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Continuous with the Central Canal of the Spinal Cord
2 lateral ventricles (telencephalon)
3rd ventricle in diencephalon
4th ventricle in the pons and medulla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unpaired in pons and medulla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divides Left and Right Hemispheres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Divides Frontal lope and Parietal Lobe
Pre-central and Post central gyri are on either side
1* motor and sensory corticies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Midline extension of pre and post central gyri |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Devides temporal Lobe from frontal and Parietal Lobe |
|
|
Term
| The 2 notches that connect each other and splits Occipital lobe from Parietal temporal lobes |
|
Definition
Parieto-Occiptal Notch
Preoccipital notch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Midline sulcus
Primary visual Cortex
Separates cuneus + language gyri |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Separates the midline part of occipital lobe from parietal lobe |
|
|
Term
| CNS is covered by 3 layers |
|
Definition
Dura Mater
Pia Mater
Arachnoid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 layers
Periosteal on the skull
Meningeal forms dural sinuses for venous blood and CSF |
|
|
Term
| Venous blood and CSF is in this layer of the CNS |
|
Definition
| Meningeal layer of Dura Mater |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 layers
Continuous and discontinuous Arachnoid trabeculae |
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the CNS is avascular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Separates the cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Seperates hemispheres from cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Opening in the tentorium cerebelli for brain stem to pass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One way valves for CSF release |
|
|
Term
| 3rd Ventricle connects with... |
|
Definition
| Lateral ventricals via the Interventricular foramon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pathway connecting 3rd ventricle and lateral ventricles |
|
|
Term
| Interventricular Foramen is continuous with... |
|
Definition
| Cerebral Aqueduct of sylvius |
|
|
Term
| Cerebral Aqueduct of Sylvius |
|
Definition
| pathway that is continuous with the interventricular foramen and empties CSF into the 4th Ventricle |
|
|
Term
| Communication of the subarachnoid space is done through.. |
|
Definition
| Lateral and Midline Aperature |
|
|
Term
| Ventricular System allows... |
|
Definition
| CSF to leave ventricles and enter subarachnoid space and into the venous system via dural sinuses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ependymal cells that line the ventricular system
and
Capillary beds in the subarachnoid space in the meninges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduce mass and cushion brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blockage of normal flow of CSF out of ventricular system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neurons are the basic signaling unit of the NS |
|
|
Term
| Principle of Dynamic Polarization |
|
Definition
| Signals flow in a predictable and consistent direction |
|
|
Term
| Principle of Connectional Specificity |
|
Definition
| No direct cytoplasmic connectivity between neurons and the connections formed between neurons are specific not random |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anterograde axoplasmic flow |
|
Definition
| The movement of protein substances from the soma out into the periphery of the axon by a pulsatile movement action from the microtubular skeleton of the axon |
|
|
Term
| Retrograde Axoplasmic Flow |
|
Definition
| Movement of Protein substances into the soma using pulsatile movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| going from periphery to CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AKA Schwann cells (PNS)
make myelin sheaths for neuron insulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Star shaped neuro glial cell surrounds neurons in CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glial Cells
Produces myelin for neurons in CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Connective sheath and supplies blood to nerve. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loose CT, defines nerve trunk and protects it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Provides elasticity with Perineurium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mesoneurium
Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Before the synapse, releases NTs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Picks up NTs
Has receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Net + charges move INTO neuron
EPSP
excitatory Postsynaptic Potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Net (-) charges move INTO postsynaptic neuron
IPSP- Inhibitory postsynaptic potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows diffusion of small ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows specific ions diffuse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| requires binding of a NT to open or close |
|
|
Term
| Voltage Gated Ion Channels |
|
Definition
| Ion channels that are activated by changes in electrical potential |
|
|
Term
| At Rest the axon hillock is highly concentrated with.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When info enters the Soma.... |
|
Definition
Na+ channels open
Reverses Resting membrane potential
Changes Axon hillock from - to + |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in membrane potential that triggers ion conductance and firing of AP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Change in membrane potential in response to a stimulus that causes a change in ion conductance across the membrane |
|
|
Term
| Na+ conductance peaks at... |
|
Definition
The peak of AP
Then rapidly decreases to resting levels |
|
|
Term
| At the same time as the peak of Na+ conductance... |
|
Definition
Peak of AP
K+ open and move out of Axon hillock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Returning to resting membrane potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| midpoint of repolarization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When membrane potential drops below resting.
when no more Na+ entering but K+ still leaving |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| once an AP is triggered it continues until completed. |
|
|
Term
| Speed of Propogation of an AP depends on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sustained increase in synaptic strength elicited by excitatory afferents. |
|
|
Term
| Sensitization and Habituation are examples of this form of learning.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where receptors receive info from the environment and encode the info for transduction to NS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Where CNS receives + interprets sensations based on
present experience
present state
memory of smiilar situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thalmus
Basal Ganglia
Cerebellum
Cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Perception at the cortical level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Perception at the Cerebellum level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
changing the energy of a stimulus into a neural energy
mechanical chemical light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Change in response at the receptor
1. Change in firing rate
2. Change in magnitude of reflex response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RA 2
low threshold
vibrations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RA 1
Low threshold
rapid skin displacement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
SA 1
Low threshold
deformation of skin
light even pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
SA 2
skin stretch
joint movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area on body that excites or hinhibits the firing of a particular cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Body surface areas contributing to sensory input to dorsal root |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
excitatory discharge is greatest at center of RF
Inhibitory at periphery
Serves to enhance distinction between 2 stimuli and aids in recognition of patterns and contour |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Quick to adapt to an object in contact with the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continue to respond during the stimulus |
|
|
Term
| Classification of sensory receptors |
|
Definition
Exteroceptors
Propriocetpros
Interoceptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sensory
A-a
1* afferents of muscle spindle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sensory
A-b
2* afferents of muscle spindle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sensory
A-Delta
Touch + Pressure, Pain + Temp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sensory
C- fiber
Pain + Temp, unmyelinated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 types of nerve fibers that convey pain + temp to SC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fast pain
low threshold
sharp pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Slow Pain
High threshold
Persisting pain
Unmyelinated |
|
|
Term
Joint Mechanoreceptors
4 types |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Joint Mechanoreceptors
Type 1 |
|
Definition
Encapsulated
"Ruffini-like"
lig, prox jts, jt capsule
Active at rest + movement
postural and muscle tone |
|
|
Term
Joint mechanoreceptor
Type II |
|
Definition
Encapsulated
"Paciniform"
syn jxn, dist jts, fat pads
Active at beg + end of movement
overcome inertia |
|
|
Term
Joint mechanoreceptor
Type III |
|
Definition
Encapsulated
"GTO-like"
lig, all joints
extreme ROM
responds to sudden jt movements |
|
|
Term
Joint mechanoreceptors
Type IV |
|
Definition
Free Nerve endings
lig, jt capsule, syn lining, fat pads
pain receptor
active during extreme mechanical force or chem irritation
contributes to flexion reflex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bulk of muscle
force producing component |
|
|
Term
| 2 Nuclei formations in Intrafusal MF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each muscle spindle has its own motor innervation through the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
regulates sensitivity of muscle spindles
dynamic
static |
|
|
Term
| Each filament has at least 2 sensory receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Peripherally located
type II |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
responsive to rate of change in muscle length
Some 1* endings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tonic endings
Responsive to msucle static length
Some 1* endings
2* endings |
|
|
Term
| Activation of Gamma Motor Neuron |
|
Definition
contraction of Intrafusal MF
prevents unloading of the receptor during extrafusal MF contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when alpha MN fires, gamma Mns are also activated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
receptor located at the end of Ib nerve fibers
in series with Extrafusal fibers
sensitive to small changes in muscle tension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protects muscle by inhibiting alpha MN activation of the contracting muscle when extreme ROM are reached |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
encode temperature changed sensed by the skin
Free nerve endings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cutaneous Nociceptive afferetns |
|
Definition
A-Delta mechanoreceptive
A-Delta mechanothermal
C- Polymodal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Thermal mechanical nociceptors
burning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Thermal mechanical nociceptors
freezing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
slow burning pain
C- fiber
fiber IV |
|
|
Term
Muscle + Joint nociceptive afferents
A-delta |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Muscle + Joint nociceptive afferents
C-fibers |
|
Definition
| Intense mechanical and chemical stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin tubes that connect one sac |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thin tubes connect the chochlea with the other sac |
|
|
Term
| Special receptor areas in canals and otoliths |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| special receptor in otoliths |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| special receptor in otoliths |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of hair cells in the ear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 types of visual receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
low light
periphery of retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bright light
central area of retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmits info froma neuron to another cell |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of Neurotransmitter mechanisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fast
receptors are localized with an actual ion channel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
slow
Receptor is located on the membrane but activate an ion channel some distance away via a second messenger system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Complex AA peptides
all metabotropic
modifies the effect of binding NT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DETERMINES THE ACTION OF THE nt |
|
|
Term
| Spinal Cord ends at vertebral level... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
end of the Sc
created by the differential growth of the spinal cord vs. vertebral column |
|
|
Term
| Spinal Cord is covered by 3 layers of meninges |
|
Definition
Dura Mater
Arachnoid
Pia Mater |
|
|
Term
| Dura Mater of the Spinal Cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a large pocket of subarchnoid psace below the caudal tip of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| 2 components of the Pia Mater of the Spinal Cord |
|
Definition
Pia Intima
Denticulate Ligaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ligament that continues with coccygeal ligament from conus medullaris |
|
|
Term
| 2 subdivisions of Spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Neuron cell bodies and their dendritic processes and glial cells
divided into Dorsal and ventral horn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
made of myelinated axons
has ascending and descending fiber tracts
dorsal, lateral, and ventral funiculi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Large diameter
heavy myelinated
Ia, A-a |
|
|
Term
| Laterally situated fibers |
|
Definition
small diameter
unmylinated
C-fibers |
|
|
Term
| Reflexes require 4 components |
|
Definition
receptor
afferent limb
efferent limb
effector organ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sense of perception of movement of joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to identify an object by feel |
|
|
Term
1st Order Neuron Tract
Medial Lemniscus |
|
Definition
Cell body: dorsal root ganglia
Ascend in either:
fasciculus gracilis
fasciculus cuneatus |
|
|
Term
2nd Order Neuron
Medial Lemniscus Tract |
|
Definition
Cell body: Fasciculus gracilis or fasciculus cuneatus
crosses midline
projects to VPL |
|
|
Term
3rd order Neuron
Medial Leniscus Tract |
|
Definition
Cell Body:VPL
Projects to the primary somatosensory cortex |
|
|
Term
Medial Lemniscus
1st Order |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Medial Lemniscus
2nd Order |
|
Definition
Nucleus Gracilis
Nucleus Cuneatus |
|
|
Term
Medial Lemniscus
3rd Order |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Medial Lemniscus System
Contralateral or Ipsilateral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medial Lemniscus is the pathway for... |
|
Definition
Proprioception
Descriminative Touch
Vibratory Sensations |
|
|
Term
| Anterior Spinothalamic is the pathway for... |
|
Definition
Light Non-descriminative touch
Burning Pain
Non-specific temp |
|
|
Term
Anteraolateral Spinothalamic Pathway
1st Order |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral Spinothalamic is the pathway for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Anterolateral Spinothalamic
2nd Order |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Anterolateral Spinothalamic
3rd Order: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anterolateral Spinothalamic axons cross the midline through... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anterolateral Spinothalamic 1st order neuron bifurcate... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Anterolateral Spinothalamic
More Laterally placed Fibers |
|
Definition
| Carry pain + temp sensations from lower body segments |
|
|
Term
Anterolateral Spinothalamic
More medially Placed Fibers |
|
Definition
| From higher levels of body segments |
|
|
Term
| LSTT has 3 parallel systems: |
|
Definition
Spinocervicothalamic
Spinoreticulothalamic
Spinomesencephalic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Concious proprioception
desc. touch
pain + temp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Projects to sup. colliculus in midbrain
Activates descending pathways
Modulates pain stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Maxillary
below orbit, above mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mandibular
below the mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1st: Trigeminal Ganglia
2nd: Spinal Nucleus
3rd: VPM |
|
|
Term
| Trigeminal- Proprioception |
|
Definition
1st: TrigeminalGanglia
2nd: Mesencephalic Nucleus
3rd: VPM |
|
|
Term
| Trigeminal- Discriminative Touch |
|
Definition
1st: Trigeminal ganglia
2nd: Chief
3rd: VPM |
|
|
Term
| Corticalspinal is the tract for: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Corticobulbar system is the pathway for... |
|
Definition
| volitional movement to face |
|
|
Term
| Corticospinal tract cross over at: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some fibers of the Corticospinal tract and cross and descend in the lateral finiculus as the Lateral Corticospinal Tract, the others stay ipsilateral and become the... |
|
Definition
| Anterior Corticospinal Tract |
|
|
Term
Most cells of the corticospinal Tract originate in...
others originate |
|
Definition
Primary Motor cortex (area 4)
Betz cells
...
Area 6
Area 8 |
|
|
Term
| fibers of the Corticospinal Tract exit through: |
|
Definition
| the gray matter of cortex |
|
|
Term
| Termination of corticopsinal tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for volitional movements end on a muscle or effector organ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mostly in cervical region that have parts used for mostly delicate and fine motor movements |
|
|
Term
| Corticoreticulospinal Pathway |
|
Definition
runs parallel to Corticospinal
synapses bilaterally |
|
|
Term
| Corticoreticulospinal pathway's cells give rise to.....fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reticulospinal fibers synapse... |
|
Definition
LMN pool in the Ventral horn
mostly on interneurons and Gamma MNs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| precise individual movements |
|
|
Term
| 2 purposes of Corticoreticulospinal pathway |
|
Definition
1: provide info to primary motor cortex
2: fine motor control on the extremity |
|
|
Term
| Other Descending Pathways |
|
Definition
Pontine reticulospinal
Medullary reticulospinal
Lateral Vestibulospinal
Medial Vestibulospinal
Tectospinal
Rubrospinal |
|
|
Term
| Medial activation pathways |
|
Definition
| involved in more postural movements and activities |
|
|
Term
| Lateral activation pathways |
|
Definition
| involved with distal limb musculature |
|
|
Term
| pathways involved in modulation of incoming pain stimuli |
|
Definition
Spinomesecephalic
spinoreticular |
|
|
Term
| Pathways involved in modification of afferent sensory information at the DH level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the entire motor componenet of cranial nerves receives... |
|
Definition
| Bilateral corticobulbar input |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located in either the VH or in cranial nerve motor neucleus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Flaccid paralysis
Areflexia
Hyporeflexia
Atrophy
Fasiculations
Fibrillations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CNS with axons direcly on alpha or gamma MN associated with VH or motor nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Initial flaccid paralyis
Ab. cutaneous reflexes
Ab. timing of muscle activation
Paresis
Spasticity
Paralysis
-plegia
-paresis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
cavitation of the central canal
effects LMN of axial and appendicular musculature |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
destroys LMNs in VH
drestroys white matter pathways |
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Term
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Definition
Autoimmune attack on myelin
UMN and central myelinated pathways |
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