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| 1791: Discovered that electrical stimulation could activate nerves and muscles |
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| 1873: Discovered the "black reaction", Firmly believed in the reticular theory even after others were using his black reaction to prove the neuron theory |
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| INCORRECT thought that the NS is a continuous mesh-work of cytoplasm |
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| CORRECT thought that the nervous system consists of TONS of individual neurons |
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1889:Used Golgi's black reaction to stain portions of cells; identified neurons as discrete and distinct units of the brain.
Speculated about direction of information flow in neurons. |
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1897: Coined term synapse, proved physiology about the one-way direction and delay in transmission of neurons.
Outlined complex circuitry of reflexes, including excitatory and inhibitory connections that support reciporical inhibition. |
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| 1921: Discovered the chemical basis of neural transmission (CORRECT) |
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1885: Formalized the study of memory: Forgetting curve.
Created psychophysics based on the precision of physics discoveries.
Developed quantitative methods for measuring memory. |
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1903: Reflex circuits for learning: Conditioned responses.
Food stimulation -> Gastric secretions
Controlled experiments to characterize conditioned responses. |
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1929: Preformed knife cuts interrupting sensory and motor functions: Had little or no effect until much larger lesions were made.
Led to the idea of -> Equipotentiality and Mass Action: reduction in learning is proportional to amount of tissue damage on brain. |
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1946: Showed latent learning and insight in rat experiments with mazes.
Also showed rats to develop cognitive maps with expectancies and use of insight.
Also showed rats were able to learn without reinforcement.
Pioneer of 'cognitive revolution' |
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| Learning that isn't made obvious until the introduction of a reward or reinforcement is made. (Rats spontaneously taking detours after a maze is changed) |
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| 1949: Cell assembly, noticed a network of neurons connected by plasticitiy is capable of representing a percept or concept |
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| Correlated action between two neurons strengthens the connection between them (increased receptors) |
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1664: Published the first comprehensive volume on neuroanatomy.
Created modern terminology of brain areas (parietal...)
First full fledged neuroscientist, founded neurology. Correlated anatomy with function. |
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| 1800: Developed the idea that different cortical areas have distinct functions, the size of that area reflected the extent of that function: "Phrenology" |
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| A pseudoscience that links bumps on a person's head to that individual's personality and character. Measurements of skull -> Understanding of brain. |
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| 1861: Discovered the localization of speech areas (Broca's area) |
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1866: Discovered the part of the brain where language is understood.
Made the differentiation between speech formation and speech understanding. |
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| Gustav Fritsch & Julius Hitzig |
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1870: Stimulation maps: Stimulated cortical areas to prove contralateral control.
Led to sophisticated cortical mapping studies that characterized the motor and sensory homunculus and validated the theory of localization. |
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| Left side of brain controls right side of brain |
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| Telencephalon & Diencephalon |
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| Metencephalon & Myelencephalon |
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| Telencephalon - Voluntary Motion |
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| Telencephalon - Memory Storage |
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| Telencephalon - Association (Intelligence) |
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| Diencephalon - Pineal Gland |
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| Diencephalon - Interface with cortex |
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| Diencephalon - Temperature, Sleep, and Motivation |
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| Diencephalon - Hormonal control |
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| Mesencephalon (Midbrain) - Fiber tracts between anterior and posterior brain, optic lobes, and tectum. |
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| Metencephalon - Coordination of complex muscular movements |
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| Metencephalon - Fiber tracts between cerebrum and cerebellum (Mammals only) |
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| Myelencephalon - Reflex center of involuntary activities |
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| Cut between anterior and posterior side of body |
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Cut between inferior and superior.
Cut like a piece of paper parallel to the floor. |
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| Cut down the middle of the eyes (Medial vs. Lateral) |
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Towards the upper side of the body (Back)
(In upright humans, is towards the upper back of the brain) |
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| Coverings of the brain: Pia, Arachnoid, Dura Mater. |
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| Innermost layer - Adheres to brain surface, follows sulci |
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| Middle layer of the meninges - Cerebospinal fluid flows between the arachnoid mater and the pia. |
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| Most superior meningeal layer. Hardest and toughest layer - leather like - protects brain from displacement. |
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Front of brain, associated with reasoning, motor skills, higher level cognition, and expressive language.
Back of the frontal lobe lies the motor cortex. |
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Middle of brain. Associated with processing tactile sensory information: pressure, touch, pain.
Somatosensory cortex lies here, essential to the processing of bodily senses. |
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Bottom section of brain.
Location of primary auditory cortex as well as hippocampus. Heavily associated with the forming of memories. |
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| Back of brain. Associated with interpreting visual stimuli and information. Home of the primary visual cortex - recieves information from retinas of the eyes. |
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-Motor
-Memory & Cognition
-Emotion |
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| Contralateral Control Somatosensory |
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| Contralateral Control Motor System |
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