Term
|
Definition
inability to recognize an object by touch
(tactile agnosia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to recognize an object by touch (Astereognosis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to recognize or orient ones own fingers. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| spontaneous crawling, burning, or pins and needles sensation. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| peripheral nervous system dysfunction causing sensory loss. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a feeling of pain in a non existent limb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of body position sense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
suppression of touch sensation on one side of body
(tactile suppression/tactile inattention) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
suppression of touch sensation on one side of body
(tactile inattention/tactile extinction) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
suppression of touch sensation on one side of body
(tactile extinction/tactile suppression) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to recognize tastes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| distorted taste sensation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| experience of a phantom or hallucinatory taste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diminished taste sensitivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distorted smell sensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| experience of a phantom or hallucinatory smell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diminished taste sensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an inability or disability in performing voluntary actions. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| difficulty initiating and maintaining movement. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| uncontrolled involuntary movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involuntary jerking, writhing, or undulating "puppet-like" movements. |
|
|
Term
| defective response inhibition |
|
Definition
| the inability to inhibit or an inappropriate motor response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Involuntary shaking, usually of a limb.
May occur while resting or with intentional movements. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The process where:
1. A stimulus activates a receptor cell.
2. The receptor cell then creates energy.
3. the energy us transduced into an electrical stimulus
4. the electrical stimulus is then carried to neurons for the brain to process. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is the inability to recognize the form and function of things in the environment.
(this can happen in any sensor domain, and each has its own name) |
|
|
Term
| What types of sensory stimulation does the somatosensory system include? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 5 types of sensory receptors. |
|
Definition
1. Mechanical Receptors
2. Chemoreceptors
3. Thermoreceptors
4. Nocioreceptors
5. Proprioceptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| detect touch, vibration, stretching, and bending. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| detect the presence of particular chemicals on the surface of the skin or mucus membranes. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
activated by potentially damaging stimulation (mechanical or chemical)
These are present throughout the body but are absent in the brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| these are located on skeletal muscles and detect movement of the body and help identify shape of objects touched by hands. |
|
|
Term
| what makes neurosurgeons able to operate on the brain while the patient is awake and conscious? |
|
Definition
| The absence of nocioreceptors in the brain. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two pathways in which the somatosensory receptors transmit information to the brain? |
|
Definition
| Ascending spinal-thalamic tract & the Dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway. |
|
|
Term
| ascending spinal-thalamic tract |
|
Definition
1. carries information related to pain and temperature.
2. runs parallel to the spinal cord; connecting to a wide region of the thalamus and then to the somatosensory cortex. |
|
|
Term
| Dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway |
|
Definition
1. carries information related to touch and vibration.
2. This information is carried up the dorsal aspects of the spinal cord to the medulla (hindbrain), where it passes through the medial lemniscus (white matter tract), and then goes to the thalamus and up to the somatosensory cortex. |
|
|
Term
| where is the primary Somatosensory cortex located? |
|
Definition
| In the parietal lobe, directly posterior to the central sulcus. |
|
|
Term
| How is the primary somatosensory cortex organized? |
|
Definition
It's somatopically organiced.
(particular parts along the strip of the cortex represent sensation from particular parts of the body.
It is also contralateral.
(left side of the P Somatosensory cortex is represented by the right side of the body) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a neurosurgeon who mapped out the sensory and motor areas of the brain (in terms of what body part they corresponded to) by using electrical stimulation while the brain was exposed during neurosurgery for epilepsy patients. |
|
|
Term
| After being processed by the P somatosensory cortex, information is then transmitted to |
|
Definition
| the Secondary somatosensory cortex. |
|
|
Term
| In the Secondary somatosensory cortex |
|
Definition
| individual sensory properties are synthesized into the more global features they represent. (a pencil) |
|
|
Term
| Damage to the secondary somatosensory cortex can result in |
|
Definition
astereognosia.
(the inability to recognize objects by touch alone.)
(damage to these areas in the parietal lobe of higher level somatosensory integration may also cause tactile supression, particularly if the damage is to the right hemisphere.
(tactile suppression is the suppression of touch sensation on one side of the body. |
|
|
Term
| What does your "kinesthetic sense" refer to? |
|
Definition
| your recognition of the relative position of your own body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
it is when you have an external sensory experience without the sensory input.
(the remapping of healthy neurons onto a brain area no longer served by the body)
Phantom limbs emanate from central brain mechanisms, NOT PERIPHERAL ONES! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
These are the exposed nerve endings that heal as nodules.
(these continue generating neural impulses) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NO! once they are dead they are unable to regenerate.
(ONLY PARTIALLY SEVERED AXONS CAN RE-SPROUT) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of chemical senses? |
|
Definition
Taste and Smell
(because the rely on chemicals to attach to the receptor)
[Problems tasting food are usually related to smell - smell is a large component in the perception of taste] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bumps on the tongue that lie on the taste buds, and contain many taste receptor cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ARE NOT NEURONS, however they do respond to the chemicals in what you eat.
(The receptor cell is connected to neurons which then transmit the info. to the brain)
[These wear out quickly and are replaced about every 10 days] |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 basic taste sensations? |
|
Definition
sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and "umami" meaning delicious in japanese.
[Receptors respond to more than one taste sensation but they are most sensitive for particular ones. |
|
|
Term
| Neurons that are connected to TASTE RECEPTOR CELLS carry info. via |
|
Definition
| the cranial nerves VII, IX, and X (7, 9, & 10) to the medulla and the brainstem. |
|
|
Term
| Explain the route the cranial nerves take to get to the medulla. |
|
Definition
They go to the Thalamus (ventral posterior medial nucleus) where the taste info. is relayed to the primary gustatory cortex, then to the somatosensory cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus, and the orbital prefrontal cortex.
[The hypothalamus may be sensitive to how pleasurable the taste is.] |
|
|
Term
| Problems of taste are most commonly cause by? |
|
Definition
| Brain or cranial nerve injuries, rather than the taste buds themselves. |
|
|
Term
| Describe Olfaction regeneration? |
|
Definition
Olfactory neurons have the ability to regenerate when damaged.
(They are usually regenerated ever 1-2 months.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hair like fibers in the olfactory epithelium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the structure in the roof of the nasal cavity where scent particles can attach to stimulate the cilia. |
|
|
Term
| Compare olfactory (smell) receptors to sensory receptors. |
|
Definition
| There are a lot more smell receptors (500-1000) than there are sensory receptors (5). |
|
|
Term
| Why do dogs have a better sense of smell than humans? |
|
Definition
| Because humans have an olfactory region of 5-10 cm^2, where as dogs have a region 10 TIMES that size! |
|
|
Term
| What is the ONLY sense that DOES NOT first go through the thalamus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From the epithelium, neurons then travel through |
|
Definition
a thin CRIBRIFORM PLATE of the skull to attach to the OLFACTORY BULBS. when they leave the OLFACTORY BULBS, they then do straight into the limbic system. (Mainly the amygdala and the hippocampus)
(which are located underneath the front part of the brain)
THEN SOME NEURONS PASS THROUGH THE THALAMUS and out to the frontal cortex. |
|
|
Term
| Why are olfactory neurons involved with emotional processing? |
|
Definition
| Because it goes directly from the olfactory bulbs to the limbic system. (the amygdala and hippocampus) |
|
|
Term
| The limbic system is known as the |
|
Definition
"Emotion system."
This is possibly why smell makes mood and emotion happen instantaneous. |
|
|
Term
| What allows us to have a conscious awareness of a "scent." |
|
Definition
The frontal lobe.
It gets the information last. (LATE) |
|
|
Term
| Which neurological disorders are associated with hyposmia? |
|
Definition
Alzheimers & Parkinson's disease.
(Hyposmia is a decreased sense of smell) |
|
|
Term
| Which Psychiatric disorder is associated with Dysosmia? |
|
Definition
Schizophrenia.
(Dysosmia is a DISTORTED sense of smell) |
|
|
Term
| What is the CENTRAL OLFACTORY PATHWAY? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the means of acting on the world. |
|
|
Term
| What are the different forms that movement can take? |
|
Definition
| Reflex actions, automatic repetitive actions (walking), Semi-voluntary actions (yawning), Voluntary actions (picking up an object) |
|
|
Term
| Name the three types of motor systems. |
|
Definition
| Cortical motor processing, the cerebellum and motor processing, and subcortical motor processing. |
|
|
Term
| Cortical motor processing system is made of |
|
Definition
the primary motor cortex, and three other areas referred to the secondary motor cortex.
(secondary motor cortex is the premotor cortex, the cingulate motor cortex, and the supplementary motor area.) |
|
|
Term
| In the motor cortex, where does premotor planning occur? |
|
Definition
| It occurs in the parietal lobes and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. |
|
|
Term
| Primary motor cortex resides on the |
|
Definition
precentral gyrus (the motor strip) of the frontal lobe.
(precentral gyrus is anterior to the central sulcus) |
|
|
Term
| What does the primary motor cortex do? |
|
Definition
It manages the fine details required for movement.
Receives input from the secondary motor areas and the somatosensory cortex. Then the output is sent through the internal capsule (a collection of axons), down the descending tracts of the spinal cord, and finally synapses onto the muscles of the body. |
|
|
Term
| How are the primary motor cortex and the somatosensory cortex similar? |
|
Definition
they are both somatophically mapped.
They are connected with each other in a "reflex circuit." |
|
|
Term
| damage/disease to the primary motor cortex can cause |
|
Definition
Hemiplegia
(The loss of voluntary morement) |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of a reflex circuit? |
|
Definition
| The reflex circuit connects the primary motor cortex to the somatosensory motor cortex and allows for SYSTEMATIC FEEDBACK TO FINE-TUNE MOVEMENT. |
|
|
Term
| supplementary motor area: |
|
Definition
functions in organization and sequential timing of movement, along with the internal intention to move.
(INTERNAL CUES) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plays a role in planning and sequencing, along with movement readiness based on EXTERNAL CUES. |
|
|
Term
| The cingulate motor areas: |
|
Definition
contribution to motor functioning is NOT KNOWN, but damage here results in lack of spontaneous motor activity.
(thought to play a role in emotional and motivational cues for movement) |
|
|
Term
| what role do the posterior parietal lobes and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex play in motor systems? |
|
Definition
Posterior parietal lobes are important for coordinationg spacial mapping with motor programming.(location in space with relation to other objects)
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex provides the initiation for motor behavior and executive programming of purposeful movement. |
|
|
Term
| How can we test motor functioning? |
|
Definition
Grip strength, gross/fine motor speed, motor coordination, and graphomotor skills (copying abstract designs)
Males tend to do better with motor speed on simple speed tests.
Females do better with fine motor coordination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when you continue the same behavior without purpose or constantly selecting it in the presence of other choices. |
|
|
Term
| A defective response inhibition |
|
Definition
| is the inappropriate display of a motor response when it is unwanted. |
|
|
Term
| Akinesia is associated with what diseases? |
|
Definition
| Parkinson's disease and Huntington's chorea. |
|
|
Term
| Name the 4 subtypes of apraxia |
|
Definition
| Limb-kinetic apraxia, Ideomotor apraxia, Conceptual apraxia, and dissociation apraxia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difficulties in the execution of the idea of movement, even though the knowledge is preserved. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a problem in executing precise, independent, or coordinated finger movements. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when the actual knowledge of a specific action is lost (the concept is lost)
[This is often found in dementia] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
impairment in the action sequence.
(Actions may be correct but are performed out of order.)
[could be caused be frontal damage.] |
|
|
Term
| The cerebellum (related to motor processing) |
|
Definition
coordinates reflex reactions and voluntary movement.
helps coordinate precise timing of movement
aids in maintaining posture, balance, and muscle tone.
is implicated in the sequential aspects of motor learning. |
|
|
Term
| Damage to the cerebellum can create a |
|
Definition
intention tremor.
(this is where as you get closer and closer to grasping an object the tremor gets worse and worse.)
[In Parkinsons disease the tremor is worse at rest and better with intentional movement.] |
|
|
Term
| Subcortical motor processing consist of |
|
Definition
the basal ganglia.
(caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
function in a largely automatic manner to regulate movement.
It controls the fluidity of overlearned and "semiautomatic" motor programs. |
|
|
Term
| What disorders are related to the basal ganglia? |
|
Definition
| Tourettes syndrome, Parkinsons disease, and huntington's disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As DNA replicates these are occasional errors in replication |
|
|
Term
| What is the basic unit of organization in living systems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Provides spatial arrangement for biochemical reactions such as maintenance and synthesis to occur.
2. Membrane acts as a boundary layer and allows the cell to maintain its integrity.
3. Maintains the required energy, when it's not provided the cell dies.
4. Cells have the capacity to reproduce independently.
5. Genetic material in the cell specifies the organization of the cell and its activity.
6. Multicellular organisms differentiate into specialized structures.
7. Cells can be compartmentalized. |
|
|
Term
| Why is compartmentalization necessary for cells? |
|
Definition
| Because cells must exchange materials with their environment to meet their physiological needs. |
|
|
Term
| What is cell compartmentalization? |
|
Definition
It permits the establishment of a particular biochemical in a specific area where specialized reactions can occur.
(High concentration of amino acids in the mitochondria near the ribosome.)
Compartmentalization also may protect essential structures from being hydrolyzed by enzymes
[Digestion of RNA by RNase or DNA by DNase] |
|
|
Term
| Compare prokaryotic vs eukaryotic: Cell structure, DNA/RNA, Nucleus, ribosomes, organelles, multicellular or not, the cell wall |
|
Definition
| (INSERT PICTURE HEREEEE!!!!!!!!!!) |
|
|
Term
| When compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The rate that nutrients move into and out of the cell is... |
|
Definition
| Inversly proportional to cell size. |
|
|
Term
| Why is the rate of nutrients and waste products inversely proportional to the cell size? |
|
Definition
| because transport rates are a function of the amount of surface area to volume ratio. |
|
|
Term
| The larger the surface area to volume ratio... |
|
Definition
| the more EASILY nutrients can move in and out of the cell, THUS they are more effective transporters. |
|
|
Term
| As the cell size increases ... |
|
Definition
| the surface area to volume ration decreases, THUS transport is LESS effective. |
|
|
Term
| for effective transport to occur... |
|
Definition
| a cell must be small (size is limited) and if it wishes to be larger it has to become multicellular. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Surface area to volume ratio? |
|
Definition
3/r
(The larger the cell, the smaller the surface area to volume ratio.) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 acellular organisms? |
|
Definition
| Viruses, viroids, and prions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
are made of Nucleic acid (DNA OR RNA NOT BOTH) and a protein coat called a capsid.
Viruses obligate intracellular parasites.
Outside the host cell they are unable to reproduce and are considered non-liveing. |
|
|
Term
| What is the only virus we know of that has both DNA AND RNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(small pieces of RNA.)
Lack a protein coat.
Viroids are small circular single stranded RNA molecules that are the smallest known pathogens.
Viroids infect plants via open wounds... none are known to infect animals or prokaryotes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Polypeptides.
Thought to be small replicating polypeptides.
Infectious: cause mad cow and Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases.
when a prion enters a healthy organism the prion form of the protein induces the pre-existing normal proteins to convert into misfolded forms that cause neurodegeneration. |
|
|
Term
| Do viruses, prions, and viroids contain a cell wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cytoplasmic membrane? |
|
Definition
A thin structure that completely surrounds the cell, separating the cytoplasm of the cell from the outside environment.
Approximately 8nm.
It is highly selective, which enables the cell to concentrate specific metabolites and excrete waste materials. |
|
|
Term
| Phospholipids consist of... |
|
Definition
hydrophobic fatty acids esterified to glycerol (a poly-hydroxy alcohol)
They form a bilayer with hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids pointing inward toward eachother (hydrophobic attraction) and the hydrophilic portions remain exposed to aqueous environments or inside the cell. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 main types of cytoplasmic proteins? |
|
Definition
| Peripheral and integral proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
also known as extrinsic proteins.
are loosely bound and may be easily removed with changes in pH, ionic strength, etc..
typically on the surface and some can be bound to integral proteins.
Some may be lipoproteins that can have a lipid tail on the AMINO TERMINUS of the protein that serves to anchor one portion of the protein to the membrane. (these may interact with integral proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
also known as intrinsic proteins.
Tightly bound to and embedded in the membranes lipid bilayer.
Many span the entire bilayer and have surfaces exposed inside and outside the cell.
They are ampipathic (have both hydrophillic[associate with internal/external environments] and hydrophobic[where it contacts the fatty acids] regions.) so they are not easily removed.
Other proteins have one portion anchored in the membrane and extramembrane regions pointing into or out of the cell. |
|
|
Term
| What are the properties of the membrane relating to the fluid mosaic model? |
|
Definition
Proteins and phospholipids can move around, so the membrane is very fluid like, and have the viscosity of motor oil.
“Cytoplasmic membrane can be thought of as a fluid mosaic in which globular proteins oriented in a specific manner span a highly mobile yet ordered phospholipid bilayer” |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the Permeability barrier? |
|
Definition
| It prevents leakage and functions as a gateway for transport of nutrients into and out of the cell. |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the protein anchor? |
|
Definition
| It is the site of many proteins that are involved in transport, bioenergetics, and chemotaxis. |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of Energy conservation for? |
|
Definition
| It is the site of the generation and use of the proton motive force. |
|
|
Term
| The permeability barrier is... |
|
Definition
a highly selective barrier. (transport in and out is regulated by the cell membrane.)
Its hydrophobic barrier allows it to be a tight barrier so passive movement of polar solutes DOES NOT OCCUR READILY.
Small non-polar and fat soluable substances like fatty acids, alcohols, and benzene may enter or exit the cell by dissolving in lipid phase and diffusing through it. Water is small and uncharged so it DOES pass through the membrane between phospholipid molecules. (accelerated by aquaporins)
Charged molecules such as amino/organic acids , and inorganic salts DO NOT pass through.
Very large molecules DO NOT pass through. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins that form the membrane spanning channels that specifically transport water. AqpZ in E coli. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A hydrophobic heterocyclic ringed molecule that strengthens the cytoplasmic membrane of eukaryotic cells and a few prokaryotes.
Rigid planar molecules and the association of these with the membrane serve to stabilize its structure and make it less flexible. (fatty acids are more flexible.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Have sterols (5%-25%) which are usually absent from prokaryotes.
[ESTER LINKAGES that bond fatty acids to glycerol] |
|
|
Term
| What is the only prokaryotic cell that has sterols in its cell wall? |
|
Definition
Mycoplasma.
It lacks a cell wall so it requires sterols in order to stabilize its membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain molecules SIMILAR TO STEROLS called hopanoids (such as diplotene). [ESTER LINKAGES that bond fatty acids to glycerol] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chemically unique.
contain ETHER LINKAGES between glycerol and their hydrophobic side chains.
Archaea lipids lack fatty acids and instead they have chains composed of repeating units of the 5-carbon hydrocarbon, ISOPRENE. |
|
|
Term
| Ether bonds vs Ester bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 2 major lipids found in Archaea |
|
Definition
| Glyserol diethers and diglycerol tetraethers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a lipid monolayer in archaeal membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a lipid bilayer in archaeal membranes |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of passive transport? |
|
Definition
Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
these 2 do not require energy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Non-saturable
driven by the concentration gradient. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
saturation at high concentrations of solute
(has a specificity for solute
Driven by concentration gradient. |
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 types of Active Transport |
|
Definition
Simple Active, ABC System, and Group Translocation.
These all need energy. |
|
|
Term
| Simple Active transport ... |
|
Definition
is driven by the energy in the proton loaded force, and Ion gradients.
Is a simple membrane spanning transport protein. |
|
|
Term
| 3 components of an ABC Transporter |
|
Definition
Substrate-binding protein, a membrane integrated transporter, and an ATP-hydrolyzing protein.
It gets its energy from ATP. |
|
|
Term
| Group Translocation Transport |
|
Definition
Involves a series of proteins in the transport event.
Chemically modifies the solute as it is transported.
Glucose --> Glucose 6-Phosphate
This is driven by HIGH ENERGY phosphoenolpyruvate. |
|
|
Term
| Membrane spanning proteins structure... |
|
Definition
| has 12 alpha-helices that wind back and forth through the membrane to form a channel through which the solute enters the cell. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three classes of membrane spanning proteins? |
|
Definition
| Uniporter, Symporter, and Antiporter. |
|
|
Term
| How do membrane spanning proteins transport solutes? |
|
Definition
| protein conformation changes when the solute binds and this shuttles the solute across the membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transports a molecule in a UNIdirectional fashion across the membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transport a substance across the membrane in one direction while at the same time transporting a second substance in the opposite direction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Transport a substance along with another substance (frequently a proton, H+)
Also known as co-transporters. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a symporter (lactose + [H+]) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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