Term
| What controls circadian rhythm of sleep-wake cycle, body temp, hormone secretion, urine production, and changes in blood pressure? |
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Definition
| The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus. |
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Term
| What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus project to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the role of the pineal gland? |
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Definition
| The pineal gland synthesizes neurohormone melatonin. |
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Term
| How is melatonin production related to light? |
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Definition
| As light decreases melatonin production increases. |
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Term
| What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus' role in the sleep load? |
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Definition
| SCN opposes sleep load generation--as melatonin levels increase though they attenuate the alerting signals from the SCN allowing sleep load to exert influence. |
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Term
| Does adenosine have a role in inducing sleep or wakefulness? |
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Definition
| Adenosine is a component of sleep load--caffeine blocks the effects of adenonsine. |
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Term
| What part of the brain can be stimulated to induce sleep in a wake patient? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the brain can be stimulated to wake a sleeping patient? |
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Definition
| The reticular activating system which is made of cholinergic neurons near junctions of the pons and midbrain. |
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Term
| What stages of sleep are the reticular activating system active? |
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Definition
| During waking and REM sleep, quiet during NREM sleep. |
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Term
| What is the thalamus' affect on the the sleep/wakefulness and where does it receive projections from? |
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Definition
| When stimulated the thalamus induces sleep. It receives projections from the locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei, reticular activating system, and tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) |
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Term
| What regions of the brain are active during wakefullness? |
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Definition
-Reticular activating systems
-Noradrenergic neurons of locus coerules
-Serotonergic neurons of raphe nuclei
-Histamine-containing neurons of tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) |
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Term
| What effect does orexin/hypocretin have on sleep/wake and where are these synthesized? |
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Definition
| Promote waking. Orexin/Hypocretin are synthesized by neurons from the lateral hypothalamus. |
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Term
| How do neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) of the hypothalamus contribute to the onset of sleep? |
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Definition
| They inhibiting networks responsible for awake state using GABA as their neurotransmitter |
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