Term
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Definition
| This is the fixed action pattern that humans share with other animals |
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Definition
| This is the concept that the cardiac response is seen as facilitating the preparation for, and performance of a behavioral response. |
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Definition
| This principle predicts a cessation of physiological response under prolonged stimulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| This law predicts behavior that is species-specific and invariant. |
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Term
| 6 characteristics of stereotopy |
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Definition
| Behavior always takes the same form. Universality – found throughout the species. Independent of experience (no learning necessary). Ballistic – once initiated must proceed to end. Singleness of purpose – used in only one context. Has a triggering stimulus. |
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Definition
| This law states that a particular physiological response to a given stimulus depends on the pre-stimulus level. |
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Definition
| This theory is based on the relative dominances of the SNS and PNS. |
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Definition
| This law postulates an optimal level of arousal for any task given its complexity |
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Definition
| method evaluates the electrical activity produced by muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
| This method looks at the pressure exerted by circulating blood. Based on highest (systolic, when the ventricles are empty) and lowest (diastolic, when the ventricles are full) pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| This method was used to detect lies. |
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Term
| electrogastroenterography |
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Definition
| This method reflects the contraction of smooth muscle and measures waves of activity that vary according to which of 5 structures you are measuring |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the name of the lesions used to control for actual experimental lesions |
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Term
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Definition
| This chemical technique uses carotid injections to for a reversible lesion. |
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Term
| Hemodynamic response related to neural activity |
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Definition
| response measured by fMRI |
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Definition
| used to harden tissue for desiccation |
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Definition
| use alcohol to remove water from tissue |
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Definition
| cryo preservation of tissue |
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Definition
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Definition
| axons (used to test for multiple sclerosis in tissue samples). |
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Definition
| dendrites and nissl bodies (used in Alzheimer's research and locating stem cells). |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the fastest but most dangerous form of drug administration |
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Term
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Definition
| is the term used to refer to the sensations of pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception. Are necessary for normal growth in newborns |
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Term
| Glabrous (non-hairy) and nonglabrous (hairy) |
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Definition
| These are the two types of skin |
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Term
| Adaptation and receptive field size |
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Definition
| These are the two dimensions in which the four mechanoreceptors differ. |
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Term
| Ruffini’s ending and Pacinian corpuscle |
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Definition
| These are the two mechanoreceptors that have large receptive fields. |
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Term
| A-delta and C fibers: A-dellta fibers account for the sharp, first pain, while C fibers account for the duller second pain |
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Definition
| Information about pain and temperature are transmitted by these axons. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the largest and fastest axon of the primary afferent axons. |
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Term
| Ipsilateral dorsal horn of spinal column |
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Definition
| side of the spine where touch and proprioception ascend. |
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Term
| Touch and Pain pathways are segregated |
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Definition
| Pain decussates immediately and touch decussates at the hindbrain (medulla). |
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Term
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Definition
| roots of the spine have to be cut to lose all sensation from an area of the dermatome |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanoreceptor is sensitive to ground vibration |
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Term
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Definition
| area of the spine is where lumbar punctures are performed. |
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Term
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Definition
| temperature receptor responds only to hot stimuli, e.g., capsaisin |
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Term
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Definition
| This temperature receptor responds only to cold stimuli, e.g., menthol |
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Term
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Definition
| This peptide is synthesized by the nociceptors themselves and is necessary for moderate or intense pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease resulting from dorsal root ganglia becoming infected with Herpes zoster. |
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Term
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Definition
| disorder that causes an inability to recognize common objects by feeling them even though they can be recognized by sight or sound |
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Term
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Definition
| is the disorder in which you are unable to recognize familiar faces |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to recognize that one has a problem (unawareness of disorder). |
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Term
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Definition
| Failure to believe that you have a problem (indifference to disorder). |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to localize and name a person's own body parts |
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Definition
| Deficit in visually guiding hand movements |
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Term
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Definition
| dysregulation of movement and coordination |
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Term
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Definition
| Absence of the normal ability to acknowledge pain |
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Term
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Definition
| deficit in recognizing familiar faces |
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Term
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Definition
| — a loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells while the specific sense is not defective nor is there any significant memory loss |
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Term
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Definition
| a person can only acknowledge one object when two are presented |
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Term
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Definition
| located within walls of hallow organs, that regulates substance travel. |
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Term
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Definition
| forms middle layer of the heart (myocardium) with cells connected by gap junctions, causing uniform contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle attached to the skeletal structure that is subject to voluntary movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| These motor neurons innervate extrafusal muscle fibers, and directly trigger the generation of force by muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| When a muscle is stretched, sensory neurons within the muscle spindle detect the degree of stretch and signal the CNS, which activates alpha motor neurons to cause extrafusal muscle fibers to contract. |
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Term
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Definition
| This reflex explains why stretched muscles tend to “unstretch” or pull back. |
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Term
| Dorsal root ganglion cells, upper motor neurons, interneurons in spine |
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Definition
| These are the 3 major sources of input to an alpha motor neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
| found that phenotype of fast muscle changed to phenotype of slow muscle when he replaced the innervations of a fast muscle with a nerve that normally innervated slow muscle. |
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Term
| Excitation-contraction coupling |
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Definition
| This is what happens at the nicotinic receptors to produce a muscle contraction. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the condition produced by starving muscle cells of ATP, leaving myosin attached on actin filaments |
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Term
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Definition
This is the most important descending tract.
90% of fibers decussate at the medulla |
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Term
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Definition
| is thought to be the “back-up system” for the corticospinal tract |
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Term
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Definition
| movements that are never recovered after lesions of the corticospinal tract. |
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Term
| Vestibulospinal and tectospinal tracts |
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Definition
| These two tracts keep your head balanced on your shoulders and orient your head to new stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for guiding target-oriented movements (smaller in children with ADHD). |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for “blindsight.” |
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Term
| major difference between Area 4 and Area 6 motor cortex |
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Definition
| Similar functions but on different motor groups, SMA sends axons directly to distal motor units, PMA connects primarily with reticulospina neurons that innervate proximal motor units. |
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Term
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Definition
| This motor area is involved in learning and executing complex movements guided by sensory information. |
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Term
| Prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex |
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Definition
| represent the HIGHEST levels of the motor control hierarchy where decisions are made about what actions to take and their likely outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Uncoordinated and inaccurate movements. |
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Term
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Definition
| Decomposition of synergistic multijoint movements. |
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Term
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Definition
| Overshoot or undershoot in targeted reaching |
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Term
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Definition
| Inherited disease that targets the area of the basal ganglia known as the neostriatum. |
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Term
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Definition
| won the Nobel Prize for developing a form of brain surgery known as frontal lobotomy |
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Term
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Definition
| used ice picks to perform drive-through lobotomies |
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Term
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Definition
| manufactured and programmed the first brain computer chip |
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Term
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Definition
| mapped the somatosensory and motor strips for the first time |
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Term
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Definition
| discovered the brain’s pleasure center (medial forebrain bundle). |
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Term
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Definition
| won the Nobel prize in Medicine for his split-brain research |
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Term
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Definition
| spent his life trying to localize memory |
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Term
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Definition
| with the famous memory patient HM and showed that medial temporal lobe amnestic syndrome is characterized by the inability to acquire new information |
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Term
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Definition
| tested cerebral blood flow on a tilt table |
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Term
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Definition
| turned the world upside-down and backwards with goggles and proprioception |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurohormone that regulates blood volume and salt concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| This neurohormone suppresses your immune system |
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Term
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Definition
The major post-ganglionic neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system
This neurotransmitter is associated with Huntington’s disease |
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Term
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Definition
| This neurotransmitter is linked to Alzheimer’s disease |
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Term
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Definition
| The process that regulates body temperature and blood composition despite changing inputs. |
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Term
| Solitary tract and nucleus |
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Definition
| This tract conveys taste information and is located along the length of the medulla. |
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Term
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Definition
| This structure provides feedback to the suprachiasmic nuclei thus contributing to circadian rhythms |
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Term
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Definition
| This structure is maximally involved in motivation |
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Term
| accumbens, ventral tegmental area |
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Definition
| The brain area is involved in addiction |
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Term
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Definition
| This pathway uses primarily dopamine |
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Term
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Definition
| uses iron present in hemoglobin to map brain function |
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Term
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Definition
| Uses iron present in hemoglobin to map the brain anatomy |
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Term
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Definition
| This structure is responsible for stretch reception and the sensory component of the tendon reflex. |
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Term
| major difference between CT and MRI |
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Definition
| CT uses a LOT of ionizing radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| This is thought to reflect arousal |
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Term
| Enter at dorsal horn and then branch |
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Definition
| This is the point at which touch an proprioception decussate on their way to the brain. |
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Term
| Stimulus-response specificity |
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Definition
| This is the concept that states that an individual’s response will be similar in a given situation and will change when the environment changes |
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Term
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Definition
| Sherrington called these the “final motor pathway.” |
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