Term
| What are the long ascending tracts? |
|
Definition
1. DC or DC/ML
2. Anterolateral ascending pathway
3. spinal cerebellar pathway |
|
|
Term
| What are the long descending tracts? |
|
Definition
1. Ruberospinal
2. Tectospinal
3. Reticulospinal
4. Vestibulospinal
5. Corticospinal |
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|
Term
| Another name for fasciculi gracilis |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Another name for fasciculi cuneatus |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In what segments is the posterior intermediate sulcus located? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where is the fasculus gracilus the widest? |
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Definition
| The widest at T7 because of all the body parts going in |
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|
Term
| What the are axons of the fasciculi of gracilis and cuneatus called before the decussation? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the axons of the fasciculi gracilis and cuneatus called after the decussation? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of information does the DC carry? |
|
Definition
Discrimination touch (2pt discrimination)
Pressure
Proprioception
Tactile vibration |
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Term
| If a signal goes to the cerebellum it is ______ and remains that way. |
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Definition
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Term
| If a signal goes to the thalamus (neocortex) it is ______ and remains that way. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| From what part of the body does the VPL receive? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What tract comes from the VPm? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What tract comes from the VPL |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What area of the cortex does muscle stretch go? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What area of the cortex does slow cutaneous go? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What area of the cortex does fast adapting go? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What area of the cortex does joint rotation, m fascia, periosteum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of signal does the spinal ascending anterolateral pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary pain pathway? |
|
Definition
| Spinal ascending anterolateral pathway ----(becomes lateral spinothalamic)-----(becomes neospinalthalamic) ------> VPL------> 3,1,2 |
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|
Term
| What type of signal does the primary pain pathway carry? |
|
Definition
Mechanonociception
Non discrimination touch
Thermal sensitivity |
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|
Term
| Where does the spinalreticualr tract go? |
|
Definition
--> PAG --> CM --> Prefrontal Cx
--> CL--> ant cingulate gyrus |
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|
Term
| Where does the paleospinothalamic tract go? |
|
Definition
Posterior nucleus -----> ant insula -----> amygdala
------> post SSii or reticulospinal area ( enterorinal Cx ---->hippocampus |
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|
Term
| What makes up the paleocerebellum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lateral lobe or hemivermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flocculonodular lobe + uvula |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Damage to cerebellum causing loss of coordination |
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|
Term
| Paleocerebellum and Neocerebellum are involved in ..... |
|
Definition
| Muscle coordination for movement |
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|
Term
| Archicereebellum Is involved in .... |
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Definition
| Muscle coordination for equilibrium |
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|
Term
| All afferents ascends as _______ fibers, synapse with ______ fibers and supplies_______ |
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Definition
| Mossy; parallel; 2-3 purkinje |
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|
Term
| What is the name of the fibers from the Olivocerebellar tract? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Everything entering or leaving the cerebellum goes through the ___ _____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the spontaneous rate for the purkinje fibers? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main output of the cerebellum? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells are stimulated by climbing and mossy fibers and inhibits purkinje cells? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is housed in Rexed Lamina VII? |
|
Definition
| Lateral Horn (C1-L2) and Nucleus of Clarke (C8-T3) |
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|
Term
| Axons from what Nucleus makes up the Spinocerebellar Tract? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Spinocerebellar tract travel through to get to the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the route of the Spinocerebellar Tract? |
|
Definition
| It travels as part of the Mossy/ parallel Fibers terminates on vermis and intermediate lobe in a somatotopic fashion |
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|
Term
|
Definition
1. Position of slightly off; not clear
2. May get a body part represented more than once |
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|
Term
| What happens to the axons that are above the Nucleus of Clarke? |
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Definition
| Go up through the Cuneatus looking for the Nucleus of Clarke and goes to the Accessory Cuneatus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A rostral extension of Nucleus of Clarke; sends axons to cerebellum |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A continuation of Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract; travels through Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle ends on vermis and intermediate lobe as mossy fibers |
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Term
|
Definition
| Axons leaving the accessory cuneatus becomes the cuneocerebellar tract |
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Term
| Anterior or Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract terminates where? |
|
Definition
| Terminates in Layer V, VI, VII and IX |
|
|
Term
| What type of cells are in Layer IX? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are there any tracts from cerebellum to spinal cord, if so what are they? |
|
Definition
| No, but they are all influenced by cerebellum |
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|
Term
| What are some tracts that the Spinal ascending anterolateral pathway send its axons? |
|
Definition
Spinoolivary
Spinoreticular
Spinomesencephalic
Spinotectal |
|
|
Term
| What is the secondary pain/indirect pathway? |
|
Definition
| It sends from the spinalreticualr tract and joins the paleospinothalamic tract and goes to the posterior nucleus; it is polysynaptic, experiental pain, suffering, poorly tolerated |
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|
Term
| What part of the body does the vermis receive information? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the body does the paravermis receive information? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the deep cerebellar nucleus in the paravermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the Nucleus Interpositus send to and what tract is formed? |
|
Definition
Red Nucleus mc
Ruberospinal tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mostly present in the cervical enlargement (C5-T1); primarily involved in upper extremities; excititory on alpha motor neurons on flexor muscles especially in upper extremitites; most afferent of RN comes from area 4, 6 |
|
|
Term
| What Nuclei are present in the Nucleus Interpositus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involved in extensors; excitatory over axial extensors; involved in postural support esp for neck; involved in Phasic activities, activities of respiration; primary tract that activates and controls speed of locomotion |
|
|
Term
| What Nuclei are present in the Nucleus Interpositus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involved in extensors; excitatory over axial extensors; involved in postural support esp for neck; involved in Phasic activities, activities of respiration; primary tract that activates and controls speed of locomotion |
|
|
Term
| Lateral Vestibulospinal tract |
|
Definition
| Extends throughout cord, particularly pronounced at cervical enlargement (C5-T1), effective on upper extremities especially on extensors; stabilizes head and body in space; static body movement |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Extending of limbs to cushion shock of falling |
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|
Term
| What areas send axons through the medial longitudinal fasiculus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helps maintain equilibrium involved in sensation of gaze; descends only to cervical segments |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the middle cerebellar peduncle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the deep cerebellar nucleus in the neocerebellum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the Dentate Nucleus send its axons? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What tracts come from the cortex? |
|
Definition
Corticospinal
corticoruberal
corticoreticular
corticostriate |
|
|
Term
| What type of pyramidal cells that make up lamina V come from area 6 and what percentage do they make up? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What type of pyramidal cells that make up lamina V come from area 4 and what percentage do they make up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of pyramidal cells that make up lamina V come from area 3,1,2 and what percentage do they make up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of pyramidal cells that make up lamina V come from area 5,7 and what percentage do they make up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the pyramidal cells leaving areas 6 4 3,1,2 and 5,7 travel as? |
|
Definition
| Internal Capsule in Anterior part of posterior arm |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| crosses at the appropriate level of the White anterior commissure; tract is ipsilateral, termination of tract is contralateral mostly but can be bilateral |
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|
Term
| Where does the corticospinal or Pyramidal tract decussate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral corticospinal tract |
|
Definition
| affects voluntary skilled fine movements |
|
|
Term
| What is the distribution of the LCST? |
|
Definition
Cervical 55%
Thoracic 20%
Lumbosacral 25% |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the dendrites that branch from the cell body of the neuron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the dendrites that branch from the primary dendrites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the dendrites that branch from the secondary dendrites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are "AKAs" for the cell body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the implantation cone in the neuron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the initial segment? |
|
Definition
| Where the signal is generated; about 30-40 micrometers in length |
|
|
Term
| What type of plasm does the soma contain? |
|
Definition
| Cytoplasm that is rich in ER and poor in microtubules |
|
|
Term
| What type of plasm does the axon contain? |
|
Definition
| Axoplasm that is rich in microtubules and poor in ER |
|
|
Term
| How long is the myelin segment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the diameter of the axon collateral? |
|
Definition
| the same diameter as the main axon |
|
|
Term
| What is located between myelin segments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structures are in the axon terminal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is located in the synaptic vesicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes up the chemical synapse? |
|
Definition
Presynaptic membrane
Synaptic Cleft
Postsynaptic membrane |
|
|
Term
| How long is the synaptic cleft? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flow moving from the cell body to the axon terminal |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of anterograde transport? |
|
Definition
fast transport
slow transport
mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| How far does fast transport travel and what are some examples? |
|
Definition
300-400mm/day
ex. amino acids transmitters, proteins |
|
|
Term
| How far does slow transport travel ans what are some examples? |
|
Definition
0.3-4mm/ day
ex. organelles like Golgi, neurofilaments, microtubules, vessicles,lysomes, trophic factors |
|
|
Term
| How far does mitochondria travel per day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
flow from the axon terminal to the cell body;
ex.spent lysosomes, golgi app, mitochondria, vesicles, viruses (neurotrophic), rabies, herpes simplex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| travels back to cell body (ie nerve will die if cut off muscle) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found Nerve growth factor (NGF) made neurons grow in petri dishes; post ganglionic neurons produce NGF travels backward to the preganglionic cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simular to actin; fast grade antegrade transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use for retrograde transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
uneven distribution of electric charges on 2 sides of patition (V) or (E);
The difference in the charges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the flow of electric charges from 1 compartment to another (I); measured in amps |
|
|
Term
| What determines the current? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| won't allow current through (R) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
amount of material allows current to pass through
g= 1/r |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Interstitial fluid,plasma, CSF, synovial, endolymph, perilymph |
|
|
Term
| What is the resting potential of a cell? |
|
Definition
-70mV
meaning there is not net movement |
|
|
Term
| What happens at threshold? |
|
Definition
| Na channels open and enter through passive transport |
|
|
Term
| When a cell becomes more positive it is called a ...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a cell becomes more negative it is a called a ...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During an action potential, when the cell reaches 0 and above it is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acording the Guyton What are the values of resting potential, threshold, and peak? |
|
Definition
RP = -65mV
Threshold = -55mV
Peak = -35mV |
|
|
Term
| What are the normal values of resting potential, threshold, and peak? |
|
Definition
RP = -70mV
Threshold = -59mV
Peak = 20mV |
|
|
Term
| What is the amplitude of an action potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the size of the overshoot depend on? |
|
Definition
| It depends on the number of neurons |
|
|
Term
| Na determines the _____ and K determines the _______. |
|
Definition
Action Potential
Resting Potential |
|
|
Term
| A synapse between an axon and an axon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A synapse between an axon and the soma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A synapse between an axon and a dendrite? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A synapse between an axon and a smooth muscle fiber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A synapse between an axon and a skeletal muscle fiber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| holes in the membrane that is very selective for which ion may go through, the duration, the direction, and when. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opening and closing door to ionic channel; it allows for selectivity |
|
|
Term
| What are the different types of ionic channel gating? |
|
Definition
Ligand (chemical) dependent
Voltage Dependent
Mechanical |
|
|
Term
| List the areas of the axon where the signal is generated, conducted, and transmitted |
|
Definition
generated = cell body
conducted = axon
transmitted = axon terminal |
|
|
Term
| What type of conduction is present in unmyelinated axons (or dendrites)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of conduction is present in myelinated axons? |
|
Definition
| Saltatory - non decremental; all-or-none |
|
|
Term
| How is voltage effected in unmyelinated axons or dendrites? |
|
Definition
| It is decreased due to shunt and small diameter |
|
|
Term
| How is voltage effected in myelinated axons? |
|
Definition
| It stays the same due to ionic channels that allows Na ions to leak back in to make up for those that were shunted |
|
|
Term
| Where does ions move in and out on a myelinated axon? |
|
Definition
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