Term
| Spinal trigeminal nucleus blends in with what spinal cord nuclei (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Posteromarginal, 2) substantia gelatinosa, 3) nucleus proprius |
|
|
Term
| Lissauer's tract becomes the ___ tract in the medulla |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aδ & C fibers from trigeminal ganglion to which tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pain & temperature from face (except ___) to what nucleus |
|
Definition
| Except teeth; spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve |
|
|
Term
| Spinal accessory nucleus is continuous with what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which tract forms the inferior cerebellar peduncle |
|
Definition
| Dorsal [and only dorsal] spinocerebellar tract |
|
|
Term
| Cell body of neuron 1 of spinal trigeminal tract is found where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell body of neuron 2 of spinal trigeminal tract is found where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell body of neuron 3 of spinal trigeminal tract is found where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the somatotopographic arrangement of the trigeminal spinal nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nucleus ambiguus innervates what muscles and via what CN's |
|
Definition
| Pharynx, larynx, soft palate & upper esophagus via CN IX & X |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMX) |
|
|
Term
| General influence of nucleus ambiguus on the heart |
|
Definition
| Conservative i.e. bradycardia, decreased inotropy |
|
|
Term
| Taste afferents terminate in the ___ [rostral or caudaul] part of the ___ [nucleus] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is more caudal in the NTS: stomach or soft palate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carotid sinus & aortic arch: caudal or rostral NTS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Baroreceptor reflex pathway (4) |
|
Definition
| CN IX/X → NTS → ventrolateral medulla → CN X/SNS outflow |
|
|
Term
| Which respiratory group is sensitive to CO2 |
|
Definition
| Ventral respiratory group |
|
|
Term
| Where is swallowing found in the medulla |
|
Definition
| Between the NTS & nucleus ambiguus |
|
|
Term
| Dysphagia almost always accompanies lesions of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CN IX → NTS → CN X → levator palatini/pharyngeal constrictors/larynx |
|
|
Term
| Vertigo, trunk ataxia, & nausea result from damage to (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Semicircular canals & static labyrinth, 2) vesibular & cochlear nuclei |
|
|
Term
| Lesions of the central tegmental tract can lead to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood supply to nucleus gracilis & cuneatus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood supply to the spinal trigeminal nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood supply to the pyramids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medial medullary syndrome: motor |
|
Definition
| Contralateral UMN signs that spares the face [facial nucleus in pons] |
|
|
Term
| Medial medullary syndrome: tongue |
|
Definition
| Ipsilateral LMN signs: protruded tongue toward affected side |
|
|
Term
| Medial medullary syndrome: 2-point discrimination, vibration, kinesthesia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral medullary syndrome: nucleus ambiguus |
|
Definition
| Dysphagia, displaced uvula, flaccid vocal fold |
|
|
Term
| Lateral medullary syndrome: CN V |
|
Definition
| Ipsilateral loss of pain, temp on face |
|
|
Term
| Lateral medullary syndrome: spinothalamic tract |
|
Definition
| Contralateral loss of pain, temp over body |
|
|
Term
| Lateral medullary syndrome: descending SNS tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral medullary syndrome: inferior cerebellar peduncle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral medullary syndrome: vestibular nuclei |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral medullary syndrome: reticular formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Horner's syndrome: medial or lateral medullary syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Asymmetric tongue: medial or lateral medullary syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hiccups: medial or lateral medullary syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contralateral UMN signs: medial or lateral medullary syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contralateral loss of pain, temp on face: medial or lateral medullary syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vertigo & nausea: medial or lateral medullary syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alternating signs: medial or lateral medullary syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Baroreceptor reflex pathway to vasculature |
|
Definition
| Carotid sinus → PG → NTS → RVLM → IML → SNS ganglion → vasculature |
|
|
Term
| Baroreceptor afferents use which neurotransmitter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of baroreceptors leads to ___ [increase or decrease] of SNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased BP leads to activation of baroreceptors so what "flips" this around to be inhibitory of SNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If NTS is inhibited chemically, then what is the expected BP result |
|
Definition
| Neurogenic hypertension [loss of CVLM stimulation leads to loss of inhibition of RVLM and increased SNS activity] |
|
|
Term
| Does MAP vary with activity: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does a sympathectomy affect MAP vs. activity |
|
Definition
| Loss of variability of MAP between different activities |
|
|
Term
| Interruption of baroreceptors leads to __ [diminished or exaggerated] cardiovascular responses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unescapable cardiac stresses can lead to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contraction band necrosis |
|
Definition
| Myocardial damage during contraction from calcium entry and free radical release |
|
|
Term
| Can NTS lesions lead to necrosis of cardiac myocytes: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PSNS activation may have a ___ [harmful or protective] effect on brain ischemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Pontine tegmentum, 2) basis pontis |
|
|
Term
| Which is found dorsally: pontine tegmentum or basis pontis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medulla resembles which: pontine tegmentum or basis pontis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesions to abducens nucleus often damages ___ fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Facial nucleus contains ___ [GSA, etc.] neurons for which muscles (4) |
|
Definition
| SVE for 1) facial expression, 2) stylohyoid, 3) posterior digastric, 4) stapedius |
|
|
Term
| Motor nucleus of V contains neurons for which muscles (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Mastication, 2) tensor tympani, 3) tensor veli palatini, 4) mylohyoid, 5) anterior digastric |
|
|
Term
| PSNS for CN VII found in ___ nucleus |
|
Definition
| Superior salivatory nucleus |
|
|
Term
| PSNS for CN IX found in ___ nucleus |
|
Definition
| Inferior salivatory nucleus |
|
|
Term
| PSNS for CN __ found in superior salivatory nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PSNS for CN __ found in inferior salivatory nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Taste is found in the ___ nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ventral trigeminothalamic tract ascends in which structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spinal trigeminal nucleus receives: simple touch or 2-point discrimination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Main sensory nucleus of V receives: simple touch or 2-point discrimination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Simple touch of CN V goes to which nucleus |
|
Definition
| Spinal trigeminal nucleus |
|
|
Term
| 2-point discrimination of CN V goes to which nucleus |
|
Definition
| Main sensory nucleus of V |
|
|
Term
| Dorsal trigeminothalamic tract ascends in which structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trigeminal lemniscus contains which tracts (2) |
|
Definition
| Ventral & dorsal trigeminothalamic tracts |
|
|
Term
| Which contains contralateral sensation: ventral or dorsal trigeminothalamic tract |
|
Definition
| Ventral trigeminothalamic tract |
|
|
Term
| Which contains ipsilateral sensation: ventral or dorsal trigeminothalamic tract |
|
Definition
| Dorsal trigeminothalamic tract |
|
|
Term
| Which carries proprioception: ventral or dorsal trigeminothalamic tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MLF contains what in the medulla |
|
Definition
| Medial vestibulospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| MLF contains what in the pons (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Vestibular-to-abducens/trochlear/oculomotor nuclei, 2) abducens-to-oculomotor for lateral conjugate gaze [neither of these tracts are named in the notes] |
|
|
Term
| Facial nucleus: pontine tegmentum or basis pontis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abducens nucleus: pontine tegmentum or basis pontis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Motor nucleus of V: pontine tegmentum or basis pontis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Salivatory nuclei: pontine tegmentum or basis pontis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trigeminal nuclei: pontine tegmentum or basis pontis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vestibular nuclei: pontine tegmentum or basis pontis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pontine nuclei: pontine tegmentum or basis pontis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medial lemniscus: pontine tegmentum or basis pontis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral lemniscus: pontine tegmentum or basis pontis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MLF: pontine tegmentum or basis pontis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pontocerebellar fibers: pontine tegmentum or basis pontis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Corticofugal fibers: pontine tegmentum or basis pontis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CST/CBT: pontine tegmentum or basis pontis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Corneal blink reflex pathway |
|
Definition
| Aδ nociception → V1 → spinal trigeminal → facial nucleus → orbicularis oculi m. |
|
|
Term
| Pneumotaxic center ___ [inhibits or drives] inspiration |
|
Definition
| Inhibits apneustic center ∴ inhibits inspiration |
|
|
Term
| Apneustic center ___ [inhibits or drives] inspiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pontine micturition center is __ [inhibited or activated] on a full bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesion to pontine micturition center leads to urine ___ [retention or incontinence] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pontine storage center ___ [inhibits or activates] destrusor m. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pontine storage center ___ [inhibits or activates] Onuf's nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood supply to pons (3; medial to lateral) |
|
Definition
| Paramedian → short circumferential → long circumferential |
|
|
Term
| Lesion to CN VI is what palsy |
|
Definition
| Lateral rectus palsy on ipsilateral side |
|
|
Term
| Lesion to abducens nucleus is what palsy |
|
Definition
| Lateral gaze palsy on ipsilateral side [the direction unable to gaze toward] |
|
|
Term
| Lesion to pons MLF is what palsy |
|
Definition
| Internuclear ophthalmoplegia: failed adduction on ipsilateral side & abducting nystagmus on contralateral side |
|
|
Term
| Upper-face LMN of the facial nucleus receives __ [unilateral or bilateral] input from UMN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lower-face LMN of the facial nucleus receives __ [unilateral or bilateral] input from UMN |
|
Definition
| Unilateral and is contralateral |
|
|
Term
| Facial nucleus lesions can affect facial muscles but can also have |
|
Definition
| Hyperacusis from loss of stapedius m. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| UMN defect in CN V, VII, IX, XII with inappropriate laughter & crying |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ipsilateral CN signs with contralateral UMN body signs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Caudal basal pontine lesion → CN VI & VII + CST damage → crossed hemiplegia + ipsilateral LMN signs in head + contralateral LMN signs in body |
|
|
Term
| Millard-Grubber syndrome is an example of ___ syndromes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tegmental pontine syndromes |
|
Definition
| Ipsilateral CN signs with contralateral sensory body signs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CN VI & conjugate gaze palsies, dysarthria, contralateral hemianesthesia+hemiplegia |
|
|
Term
| Raymond-Cestan is an exmaple of ___ syndromes |
|
Definition
| Tegmental pontine syndromes |
|
|
Term
| Lesion to basal pons affects CST & CBT bilaterally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rostral tegmental lesions would affect what structures (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) MLF, 2) medial lemniscus, 3) superior cerebellar peduncle, 4) spinal lemniscus |
|
|
Term
| Caudal tegmental lesions would affect what structures (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) CN VII palsy, 2) conjugate gaze palsy |
|
|
Term
| Rostral basis pontis lesions would affect what structures (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) CST, 2) CBT, 3) CN VI, 4) CN VII |
|
|
Term
| Caudal basis pontis lesions would affect what structures (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Ipsilateral facial LMN hemiplegia, 2) contralateral UMN hemiplegia |
|
|
Term
| What separates the basis pedunculi from the tegmentum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inferior colliculus relays what information |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ipsilateral SO m. paralysis; tilts head toward non-lesioned side |
|
|
Term
| Superior peducle carries efferents to where |
|
Definition
| VL of thalamus (as dentato-rubro-thalamic tract) & red nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What's special about the synapses of the mesencephalic nucleus |
|
Definition
| Electrical, not chemical (i.e., neurotransmitter) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Afferents → mesencephalic nucleus → motor nucleus of V → mm. of mastication (masseter?) |
|
|
Term
| Periaqueductal gray functions (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Analgesia, 2) adaptive behaviors |
|
|
Term
| Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) does what |
|
Definition
| Forced attention & consciousness |
|
|
Term
| Majority of telencephalon serotinin comes from the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibers of the crus cerebri (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Coritcopontine, 2) corticobulbar, 3) corticospinal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All eye muscles except SO & LR |
|
|
Term
| GVE of CN III is what nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Down and out syndrome aka |
|
Definition
| CN III nucleus or nerve lesion |
|
|
Term
| Effects of CN III nucleus or nerve lesion (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Ipsilateral strabismus, 2) ipsilateral ptosis, 3) ipsilateral mydriasis, 4) ipsilateral loss of light reflexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CN III nucleus or nerve lesion |
|
|
Term
| Where is the vertical gaze center |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pretectal neurons innervate the contralateral Edinger-Westphal nucleus by decussating where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Know the lesions of the optic nerve, tract, & chiasm: see HOS notes |
|
Definition
| Know the lesions of the optic nerve, tract, & chiasm: see HOS notes |
|
|
Term
| Superior colliculus relays what information |
|
Definition
| Movement of eyes & head in response to visual, auditory, & somatic stimuli |
|
|
Term
| Organization of the superior peduncle (5; 2 superficial, 3 deep) |
|
Definition
| 1-2) Retina & cerebral cortex, 3-5) input from inferior colliculus, spinal nucleus of V, spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Outputs of the superior peduncle (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Tectospinal tract, 2) tectobulbar tract |
|
|
Term
| Major output of the red nucleus |
|
Definition
| Inferior olive via rubro-olivary tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CN III palsy & contralateral UMN paralysis (CST & CBT) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CN III palsy + contralateral coarse tremors (CT fibers, substantia nigra) + contralateral hemianesthesia (ML, SL, VTTT) |
|
|
Term
| Weber's syndrome etiology |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Benedikt's syndrome etiology |
|
Definition
| Lesion of the midbrain tegmentum |
|
|
Term
| Which syndrome is more ventral (left circle) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which syndrome is more dorsal (right circle) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle that attaches to the malleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle that attaches to the stapes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Innervation to tensor tympani m. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Innervation to stapedius m. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How would a lesion to CN VII affect hearing |
|
Definition
| Loss of stapedius → hyperacusis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NOTE: review HOS material for a lot of the anatomy |
|
Definition
| NOTE: review HOS material for a lot of the anatomy |
|
|
Term
| Which hair cells can be damaged by excessively loud sounds & drugs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conductive or sensorineural hearing loss: otitis media |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conductive or sensorineural hearing loss: otosclerosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conductive or sensorineural hearing loss: loud sound |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conductive or sensorineural hearing loss: aminoglycoside antibiotics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conductive or sensorineural hearing loss: congenital cochlear deformation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cochlear root neurons involved with what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Move limbs in response to sound |
|
|
Term
| What supplies the efferents to the hair cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Auditory information ascends the brainstem via the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cochlear neurons synapse in the (2) |
|
Definition
| Dorsal & ventral cochlear nuclei |
|
|
Term
| Auditory fibers in the lateral leminiscus arise from which nuclei (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Dorsal cochlear, 2) superior olivary complex |
|
|
Term
| Auditory fibers that ascend the lateral lemniscus synapse where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Auditory nuclei pathway starting with the cochlear neurons (6) |
|
Definition
| Inner hair cell → DCN/VCN → superior olivary complex → inferior colliclus → medial geniculate body/nucleus → primary auditory cortex |
|
|
Term
| Lesion to the lateral lemniscus: ipsilateral or contralateral hearing loss |
|
Definition
| Contralateral [although some stay ipsilateral, but contralateral dominance] |
|
|
Term
| Localization of sound starts where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medial superior olive: time of arrival or intensity discrimination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral superior olive: time of arrival or intensity discrimination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most important auditory output of the inferior colliculus |
|
Definition
| Inferior quadregeminal brachium to medial geniculate body |
|
|
Term
| Where is the primary auditory cortex |
|
Definition
| Transverse temporal gyrus in lateral fissure |
|
|
Term
| Why doesn't damage to primary auditory cortex necessarily lose reflexes |
|
Definition
| Reflex processing is not in cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| Where is the belt auditory cortex |
|
Definition
| Surrounds primary auditory cortex |
|
|
Term
| Key feature of the belt auditory cortex |
|
Definition
| Some projections to Wernicke's area |
|
|
Term
| Where are most disturbances in hearing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is bilateral stroke to temporal lobe necessary — or unilateral sufficient — to profoundly affect speech interpretation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signs of temporal lobe seizures (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Tinnitus, 2) auditory "hallucinations", 3) vertigo |
|
|
Term
| Static labyrinth detects: linear or angular acceleration |
|
Definition
| Linear [I don't recall these two terms from HOS] |
|
|
Term
| Kinetic labyrinth detects: linear or angular acceleration |
|
Definition
| Angular [I don't recall these two terms from HOS] |
|
|
Term
| Vestibulo-spinal reflexes (VSR) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vestibulo-collic reflexes (VCR) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vestibulo-ocular reflexes (VOR) |
|
Definition
| Stable vision during head motion |
|
|
Term
| Damage to spinocerebellum and flocculonodular lobe looks like damage to what system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral vestibulospinal tract starts in which nucleus/nuclei |
|
Definition
| Lateral & inferior vestibular nuclei |
|
|
Term
| Medial vestibulospinal tract starts in which nucleus/nuclei |
|
Definition
| Medial vestibular nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Contains ipsi- and contralateral fibers: medial or lateral vestibulospinal tract |
|
Definition
| Medial vestibulospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| Contains ipsilateral fibers: medial or lateral vestibulospinal tract |
|
Definition
| Lateral vestibulospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| Medial vestibulospinal tract descend in which structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which stabilizes posture: medial or lateral vestibulospinal tract |
|
Definition
| Lateral vestibulospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| Which stabilizes head/eyes/neck to posture changes: medial or lateral vestibulospinal tract |
|
Definition
| Medial vestibulospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| Which descends the entire length of spinal cord: medial or lateral vestibulospinal tract |
|
Definition
| Lateral vestibulospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| Vestibulo-ocular reflex: nuclei involved (4) |
|
Definition
| 1-2) S. & M. vestibular nuclei, 3) abducens, 4) oculomotor |
|
|
Term
| Vestibulo-ocular reflex: inhibitory from S. or M. vestibular nucleus |
|
Definition
| Superior vestibulospinal nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Vestibulo-ocular reflex: excitatory from S. or M. vestibular nucleus |
|
Definition
| Medial vestibulospinal nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Smooth pursuit mediated by what structure |
|
Definition
| Flocculus of the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| Doll's head maneuver useful for testing VOR in what patients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinical signs of vestibular damage: V=, A=, N=, N= |
|
Definition
| Vertigo, ataxia, nystagmus, nausea/vomitting |
|
|
Term
| What sensory goes through the thalamus |
|
Definition
| All but olfactory & emotion aspects of pain |
|
|
Term
| What motor goes through the thalamus |
|
Definition
| All motor & movement-related information that involves the cortex |
|
|
Term
| Devastating damage to the thalamus could lead to what condition |
|
Definition
| Persistent vegetative state |
|
|
Term
| Main site in which anesthetics have unconscious effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bridge between halves of the thalamus |
|
Definition
| Massa intermedia / interthalamic adhesion |
|
|
Term
| VPM: sensory, motor, association, limbic, or non-specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VPMpc: sensory, motor, association, limbic, or non-specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VPL: sensory, motor, association, limbic, or non-specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VPI: sensory, motor, association, limbic, or non-specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LGN: sensory, motor, association, limbic, or non-specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MGN: sensory, motor, association, limbic, or non-specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VA: sensory, motor, association, limbic, or non-specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VL: sensory, motor, association, limbic, or non-specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MD: sensory, motor, association, limbic, or non-specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pulvinar: sensory, motor, association, limbic, or non-specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anterior group: sensory, motor, association, limbic, or non-specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LD: sensory, motor, association, limbic, or non-specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Midline: sensory, motor, association, limbic, or non-specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intralaminar: sensory, motor, association, limbic, or non-specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sensory nuclei of the thalamus (6) |
|
Definition
| VPM, VPMpc, VPL, VPI, LGN, MGN [all of the 3-letter ventral nuclei plus geniculates] |
|
|
Term
| Motor nuclei of the thalamus (2) |
|
Definition
| VA, VL [all of the 2-letter ventral nuclei] |
|
|
Term
| Association nuclei of the thalamus (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Limbic nuclei of the thalamus (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Non-specific nuclei of the thalamus (2) |
|
Definition
| Midline, intralaminar [both are midline nuclei] |
|
|
Term
| Trigeminal lemniscus to which thalamic nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Taste from solitary tract to which thalamic nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spinothalamic tract to which thalamic nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DCML to which thalamic nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VPM connects to which part of the cortex |
|
Definition
| Face area of post-central gyrus |
|
|
Term
| VPMpc connects to which part of the cortex |
|
Definition
| Anterior part of insula (primary gustatory area) |
|
|
Term
| VPL connects to which part of the cortex |
|
Definition
| Non-face parts of the post-central gyrus |
|
|
Term
| Which thalamic nuclei connect to the post-central gyrus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VPI connects to which part of the cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LGN connects to which part of the cortex |
|
Definition
| Primary visual areas on the banks of the calcarine fissure |
|
|
Term
| Describe the layering & connections of the LGN |
|
Definition
| Nasal retina to layers 1, 4, 6 & temporal to 2, 3, 5 [pretty sure notes are wrong] |
|
|
Term
| MGN connects to which part of the cortex |
|
Definition
| Auditory cortex in Heschl's gyrus |
|
|
Term
| MGN connects to which non-cortex structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VA connects to which parts of the cortex (2) |
|
Definition
| Medial=substantia nigra; lateral=trunk & limb regions of the premotor cortex |
|
|
Term
| VL connects to which part of the cortex |
|
Definition
| Motor cortex (area 4) in pre-central gyrus |
|
|
Term
| Dentato-rubro-thalamic pathways connects to which thalamic nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VA connects to which non-cortex structure |
|
Definition
| Basal ganglia [lot's of A's in "basal ganglia"] |
|
|
Term
| VL connects to which non-cortex structure |
|
Definition
| Cerebellum [lots of L's in "cerebellum"] |
|
|
Term
| Lesions to basal ganglia will have __ [contralateral or ipsilateral] effects on motor function |
|
Definition
| Contralateral [I don't get how CST decussation is involved here….] |
|
|
Term
| Lesions to cerebelum will have __ [contralateral or ipsilateral] effects on motor function |
|
Definition
| Ipsilateral [I don't get how CST decussation is involved here….] |
|
|
Term
| MD connects to which parts of the cortex (2) |
|
Definition
| Frontal & orbital cortices |
|
|
Term
| Lesions of MD result in (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Apathy, 2) memory changes, 3) perseveration [difficulty task switching] |
|
|
Term
| Pulvinar connects to which parts of the cortex |
|
Definition
| Um, all of them: multimodal areas in parietal, temporal & occipital lobes; cingulate & frontal cortices |
|
|
Term
| Anterior group connects to what (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Parahippocampal region to fornix & mammillary bodies via mammillothalamic tract; 2) cingulate gyrus |
|
|
Term
| Mammillothalamic tract connects |
|
Definition
| Anterior group to mammillary bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Parahippocampal region to fornix, 2) retrosplenial cortex |
|
|
Term
| Korsakoff's syndrome affects what areas |
|
Definition
| Anterior group, LD, mammillary bodies, fornix, MTT, cingulate & retrosplenial cortices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diffusely to cortex & striatum |
|
|
Term
| Midline receives what information |
|
Definition
| Pain from periaqueductal gray |
|
|
Term
| What connects to midline (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Locus ceruleus, 2) midbrain raphe, 3) ARAS |
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitter: locus ceruleus → midline of thalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitter: ARAS → midline of thalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitter: midbraine raphe → midline of thalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Midline has what general fnction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Striatal portions of the basal ganglia |
|
|
Term
| Intralaminar has what general function |
|
Definition
| Attention [yes, this card took me 15 minutes to write since I had to vacuum quickly…hmm…] |
|
|
Term
| Global consciousness caused by |
|
Definition
| Synchronous spread of ctivity across the cortex & thalamus |
|
|
Term
| Types of thalocortical neurons (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) To restricted area of cortex, 2) widespread area of cortex |
|
|
Term
| What wraps the entire thalamus |
|
Definition
| Thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) |
|
|
Term
| TRN is largely: inhibitory or excitatory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functional importance of thalamus being wrapped by the TRN |
|
Definition
| All cortical fibers must pass through the TRN |
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitter of the TRN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Modes of thalamocortical neurons (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During sleep, thalamocortical neurons are in: burst or tonic mode |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During wakefulness, thalamocortical neurons are in: burst or tonic mode |
|
Definition
| Both and TRN selectively puts neurons in tonic mode |
|
|
Term
| Arterial supply of thalamus (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Posterior chorodal, 2) paramedian, 3) tuberothalamic, 4) inferolateral |
|
|
Term
| Hemianesthesia: affects which thalamic nuclei (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemihypoacusis: affects which thalamic nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contralateral hemianopsia/quadrantopsia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Memory impairment: affects which thalamic nuclei |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Apasia: affects which thalamic nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemiparesis w/ abnormal movements: affects which thalamic nuclei |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hemianesthesia, dysesthesia, hyperpathia |
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamic controls are akin to what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamus surround which ventricle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Marker of anterior limit of the developing brain & the thalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many nuclei in the hypothalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Direct interface to endocrine & autonomic systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sexually dimorphic nuclei |
|
Definition
| Vary between sexes and may be involved in sexual orientation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thermoregulation, salt water intake, & sleep |
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamic nucleus involved in endocrine & autonomic systems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamic nucleus involved in vasopressin/ADH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamic nucleus involved in circadian rhythms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major bundles of white matter (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Fornix, 2) medial forebrain bundle, 3) mammillothalamic tract [& mammillotegmental tract], 4) tuberofundibular tract |
|
|
Term
| Fornix connects __ with __ |
|
Definition
| Mammillary bodies with hippocampal formation |
|
|
Term
| Medial forebrain bundle location |
|
Definition
| Through lateral hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| Damage to fornix in __ syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medial forebrain bundle connects __ with __ |
|
Definition
| Amygdala & basal forebrain with midbrain |
|
|
Term
| Damage to medial forebrain bundle leads to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Possible result of head trauma that damages the supraoptic nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Possible vision change due to pituitary tumors |
|
Definition
| Bitemporal hemianopsia ["tunnel vision"] |
|
|
Term
| Neural inputs to the hypothalamus (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Retina, 2) olfactory, 3) sensory via STT [spinohypothalamic specifically], 4) visceral afferents, 5) other stuff |
|
|
Term
| Chemosensory inputs to the hypothalamus (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Hypothalamus, 2) hormone/steroid receptors, 3) circumventricular organs |
|
|
Term
| Important circumventricular organs (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Subfornical organ (SFO) [CSF angiotensin II], 2) organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) [serum osmolality], 3) median eminence (ME) [he added #3 in lecture] |
|
|
Term
| Which circumventricular organ is sensitive to CSF angiotensin II |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which circumventricular organ is sensitive to serum osmolality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1-2) A. & P. pituitary, 3) pre-ganglionic autonomics |
|
|
Term
| Nuclei that release controlling hormones of the anterior pituitary (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Paraventricular, 2-3) medial & ventral hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lacks blood-brain barrier and is where hormones are released |
|
|
Term
| Magnocellular neurons make what (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Vasopressin, 2) oxytocin |
|
|
Term
| Where are magnocellular neurons found in which nuclei (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Paraventricular, 2) suprooptic |
|
|
Term
| Tuberoinfundibular tract contains what axons |
|
Definition
| Axons to the posterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamic PSNS to which nuclei (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) E-W, 2-3) S. & I. salivatory nuclei, 4) nucleus ambiguus, 5) dorsal vagal [also S2-4] |
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamic SNS to where |
|
Definition
| T1-L2 including adrenals (T5-T11) |
|
|
Term
| SNS from vertebral levels __ to __ to adrenals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamospinal pathway in which tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Main hypothalamic regions connected with autonomic areas (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Paraventricular nucleus, 2) arcuate nucleus, 3) ventromedial nuclei, 4) lateral hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| Temperature-responsive neurons in the hypothalamus (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Medial preoptic region of the anterior hypothalamus, 2) medullary thermogenic center |
|
|
Term
| Controls endocrine in response to temperature |
|
Definition
| Medial preoptic region of the anterior hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| Controls CV, skin, adrenal function in response to temperature |
|
Definition
| Medullary thermogenic center |
|
|
Term
| Nucleus that directly controls thermogensis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which circumventricular organ is the site in which paraventricular neurons release their releasing hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesions to lateral & posterior hypothalamus may result in changes to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DMH __ [inhibits or activates] the raphe pallidus to __ [increase or decrease] heat production |
|
Definition
| Activates to increase thermogenesis |
|
|
Term
| Medial preoptic __ [inhibits or activates] the raphe pallidus to __ [increase or decrease] heat production |
|
Definition
| Inhibits to decrease thermogensis |
|
|
Term
| Does DMH inhibit medial preoptic area or vice-versa |
|
Definition
| Vice-versa: medial preoptic inhibits DMH |
|
|
Term
| MPOA uses what neurotransmitter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effects of activating raphe pallidus (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Skin vasoconstriction, 2) shivering, 3) piloerection, 4) increased metabolism |
|
|
Term
| Effects of inhibiting raphe pallidus (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Skin vasodilation, 2) sweating, 3) decreased metabolism |
|
|
Term
| Which is activated when cold: MPOA or DMH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is activated when warm: MPOA or DMH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anterior hypothalamus lesions lead to __ [hypo- or hyperthermia] due to loss of __ [MPOA or DMH] |
|
Definition
| Hyperthermia due to loss of MPOA |
|
|
Term
| Posterior hypothalamus lesions lead to __ [hypo- or hyperthermia] due to loss of __ [MPOA or DMH] |
|
Definition
| Hypothermia due to loss of DMH |
|
|
Term
| Pyrogens __ [inhibit or activate] the __ [MPOA or DMH] through __ [which chemicals] |
|
Definition
| Pyrogens inhibit MPOA through prostaglandins (PGE2) on the EP3 receptor |
|
|
Term
| Anti-pyretics work by __ [inhibiting or activating] the __ [PMOA or DMH] |
|
Definition
| Inhibt PMOA [by reducing prostaglandin production] |
|
|
Term
| What is the functional relationship between suprachiasmatic nucleus & melatonin |
|
Definition
| Suprachiasmatic sets circadian rhythm and connects to the pineal gland via pre-ganglionic SNS to release melatonin |
|
|
Term
| Melatonin is secreted during: day or night |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Melatonin __ [inhibits or activates] insulin release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Jet lag, sleep, and seasonal affective disorders (SAD) are due in part to |
|
Definition
| Disruption of melatonin cycle |
|
|
Term
| Insomnia can result from damage to __ [anterior or posterior] hypothalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Profound state of sleepiness can result from damage to __ [anterior or posterior] hypothalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sleep-related nuclei are connected diffusely to the cerebral cortex |
|
Definition
| Tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) |
|
|
Term
| VLPO is __ [active or inactive] during sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesions to VLPO results in: insomnia or profound state of sleepiness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LH/PF is __ [active or inactive] during sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LH/PF neurons use which neurotransmitter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is absent in patients with narcolepsy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Key nucleus in food intake behavior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neuropeptide Y is: orexigenic or anorexigenic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| POMC is: orexigenic or anorexigenic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ghrelin: short- or long-term signal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leptin: short- or long-term signal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ghrelin acts on which arcuate nucleus neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leptin acts on which arcuate nucleus neurons |
|
Definition
| POMC [inhibits NPY neurons too] |
|
|
Term
| NE: increases or decreases feeding |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Serotonin: increases or decreases feeding |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral hypothalamic lesions lead to: aphagia or hyperphagia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medial hypothalamic lesions lead to: aphagia or hyperphagia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Angiotensin II affects what region of the brain |
|
Definition
| Subfornical region [for ADH release] |
|
|
Term
| Volumetric thirst enters MPOA via the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osmotic thirst enters MPOA via the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreased osmolality actives what region of the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypersexuality from lesion to __ [medial or lateral] hypothalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Summary of medial hypothalamic lesion (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Obese, 2) rage, 3) hypersexual, 4) hyperphagic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Obesity, under-devleoped genitalia, small stature, polydipsia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hyperphagia, hypersexuality, amnesia, hypersomnolence, episodic paranoia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anosmia, hypogonadism, delayed puberty |
|
|
Term
| α-motor neurons: intrafusal or extrafusal fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| γ-motor neurons: intrafusal or extrafusal fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Descending motor pathways activate which: α or γ motor neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do muscle spindle afferents innermate γ motor neurons: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the ventral horn, flexors are found where: dorsal, ventral, medial, or lateral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the ventral horn, extensors are found where: dorsal, ventral, medial, or lateral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the ventral horn, axial/trunk are found where: dorsal, ventral, medial, or lateral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the ventral horn, distal appendages are found where: dorsal, ventral, medial, or lateral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Central pattern generators: well-defined nuclei or diffuse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Non-CST and non-CBT motor pathways, do they invoke specific muscle or what |
|
Definition
| No, they send commands like "walk" or "run" or "swallow" and CPG's control individual muscles |
|
|
Term
| Eye movements: CBT or reticular CPG's |
|
Definition
| Reticular CPG's [CBT does not innervate eye motor nuclei] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Voluntary, 2) sterotypic, 3) postural |
|
|
Term
| Voluntary movement involves what kind of movements |
|
Definition
| Willed, purposeful & factionated |
|
|
Term
| Stereotypic movement involves what kind of movements |
|
Definition
| Hard-wired that are present at birth |
|
|
Term
| Postural movement involves what kind of movements |
|
Definition
| Upright posture, mainly extensors |
|
|
Term
| Which type of movement is present at birth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of movement is purposeful |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of movement is fractionated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of movement is coordination of eyes, head, nceck, saccades |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of movement is dominated by vestibular system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of movement may control mostly gamma motorneurons |
|
Definition
| Postural [to increase tone] |
|
|
Term
| Most important motor tracts (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) CST, 2) reticulospinal, 3) vestibulospinal) |
|
|
Term
| Which motor pathway at the arrow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which motor pathway at the arrow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which motor pathway at the arrow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which motor pathway at the arrow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which motor pathway at the arrow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which motor pathway at the arrow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which motor pathway at the arrow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral CST innervates what motor neurons (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Interneurons [80% ?], 2) α-motor neurons (20%) |
|
|
Term
| Lateral CST strongest influence on which muscles |
|
Definition
| Flexors and distal appendages |
|
|
Term
| Anterior CST strongest influence on which muscles |
|
Definition
| Extensors and axially [controls posture] |
|
|
Term
| We finally know why loss of CST leads to hyperreflexia because |
|
Definition
| Loss of inhibition of interneurons |
|
|
Term
| Majority of CBT are what kind of fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CN nuclei innervated by CBT |
|
Definition
| CN V, VII, XII [not eyes] |
|
|
Term
| Rubrospinal pathway starts in which nucleus and part of the brain |
|
Definition
| Red nucleus of midbrain [ruber is Latin for red, lest you forget the signs of inflammation] |
|
|
Term
| Rubrospinal pathway ends where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rubrospinal pathway function |
|
Definition
| Neck & upper limb flexors |
|
|
Term
| Medial reticulospinal system starts where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral reticulospinal system starts where |
|
Definition
| Central & lateral medulla |
|
|
Term
| Reticulospinal system functions |
|
Definition
| 1) Maintenance of posture, 2) compound limb movement, 3) stereotypic limb movements |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the reticulospinal system neurons |
|
Definition
| Cerebellum: cortico-reticular fibers & fastigial nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Which is excititatory: medial or lateral reticulospinal system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is inhibitory: medial or lateral reticulospinal system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reticulospinal system monoaminergic pathways do what |
|
Definition
| Command systems for complex stereotypic movements |
|
|
Term
| Medial reticulospinal system has what additional function |
|
Definition
| Respiratory via phrenic n. |
|
|
Term
| Tectospinal pathway starts where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tectospinal pathway ends where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tectospinal pathway innervates which motor neurons |
|
Definition
| α-motor neurons on contralateral side |
|
|
Term
| Tectospinal pathway function |
|
Definition
| Turns head away from stimulated side [reflexes?] |
|
|
Term
| Lateral vestibulospinal pathway ends where |
|
Definition
| Medial ventral horn [yes, medial] |
|
|
Term
| Lateral & medial vestibulospinal pathway are so named L & M because |
|
Definition
| Of the nucleus they originate in: lateral or medial vestibular nucleus [not by where they go or end up] |
|
|
Term
| Uncal herniation: decerebrate or decorticate regidity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decerebrate rigidity due to |
|
Definition
| No antagonism to the LVST |
|
|
Term
| Decorticate rigidity due to |
|
Definition
| Dis-inhibited rubrospinal fibers causes the flexion; damage to cortex excluding motor causes the extension |
|
|
Term
| Medial vestibulospinal pathway ends where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Premotor cortex does what |
|
Definition
| Plans movement; includes mirror neurons |
|
|
Term
| Alien hand syndrome from damage to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Huntington's disease: loss of direct or indirect pathway |
|
Definition
| Indirect [can't not move] |
|
|
Term
| Parkinson's disease: loss of direct or indirect pathway |
|
Definition
| Direct [can't move very well] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Continuous feedback about body & limb position |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Degradation of 1) fine movements, 2) posture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the cerebellum more vulnerable to development disorders |
|
Definition
| Develops from 3 weeks gestation to 20 weeks postnatal |
|
|
Term
| Usual thing about granule cells |
|
Definition
| Migrate transversally then dive then medially |
|
|
Term
| Cerebellum, has unfolded surface area __% of cerebral cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anatomic lobes (6; 3 sagittal + 3 transverse |
|
Definition
| 1-3) Anterior, posterior, flocculonodular; 4-6) vermis, paravermis, lateral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| Which sagittal lobe is the dotted area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sagittal lobe is the square-hatched area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sagittal lobe is the line-hatched area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Archi-cerebellum consists of which lobe(s) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Paleo-cerebellum consists of which lobe(s) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neo-cerebellum consists of which lobe(s) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Put these in order newest-to-oldest: archi-, neo-, paleo-cerebellum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flocculonodular has what function |
|
Definition
| Vestibulo-cerebellum: eye movement & body equilibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscle tone & posture [spino-cerebellum] |
|
|
Term
| Paravermis has what function |
|
Definition
| Execution of trunk & limb movements [spino-cerebellum] |
|
|
Term
| Lateral hemispheres have what function |
|
Definition
| Planning, initiation, & timing of movements [cerebro-cerebellum] |
|
|
Term
| Somatotopy of the cerebellum is unique how |
|
Definition
| Each body part is represented multiple times |
|
|
Term
| Vermis: trunk or extremities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Paravermis: trunk or extremities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Truncal ataxia from a lesion to: vermis or paravermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extremity ataxia from a lesion to: vermis or paravermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary output nuclei of the cerebellum (4) |
|
Definition
| Deep cell nuclei: fastigi, globose, emboliform, dentate [in order medial to lateral: Fat Guys Eat Donuts] |
|
|
Term
| Layers of the cerebellar cortex (3; deep to superficial) |
|
Definition
| Granule → Purkinje → molecular |
|
|
Term
| Cells in granule layer (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which are smaller: granule or Golgi cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Golgi cells: inhibitory or excitatory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excitatory from climbing & mossy fibers with inhibitory from Purkinje |
|
|
Term
| Dorsal SCT: how does it enter the cerebellum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ventral SCT: how does it enter the cerebellum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cuneo SCT: how does it enter the cerebellum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vestibular system: how does it enter the cerebellum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cerebral cortex: how does it enter the cerebellum |
|
Definition
| Pontine nuclei & inferior olive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Accessory cuneate nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Vestibular inputs to cerebellum (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) End organs themselves, 2) vestibular nuclei |
|
|
Term
| Purkinje cells project to (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Deep cerebellar nulcei ["large majorty"], 2) vestibular nuclei |
|
|
Term
| Deep cerebellar nuclei outputs to (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Vestibular nuclei, 2) brainstem reticular, 3) red nucleus, 4) thalamus |
|
|
Term
| Which deep cerebellar nuclei to brainsteam reticular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which deep cerebellar nuclei to red nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which deep cerebellar nuclei to thalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Non-motor functions of the cerebellum (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Autonomic, 2) behavior/mood, 3) cognition/memory |
|
|
Term
| Flocculonodular lobe function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Motor & non-motor [so….everything?] |
|
|
Term
| Anterior lobe blood supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Posterior lobe blood supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flocculonodular lobe blood supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Midline cerebellar syndrome (aka archicerebellar syndrome) |
|
Definition
| Truncal ataxia & nystagmus [medulloblastoma on vermis] |
|
|
Term
| Types of neurons in cerebellar cortex (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Purkinje, 2-5) interneurons: granule, Golgi, basket, stellate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parkinson's is usually: symmetric or asymmetric |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinical features of Parkinson's (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Resting tremor, 2) bradykinesia, 3) rigidity, 4) loss of postural reflexes, 5) non-motor symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Parkinson's pathology: loss of __ (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Dopaminergic in substantia nigra, 2) cholinergic in cortex, 3) cholinergic in brainstem, 4) serotonergic in brainstem |
|
|
Term
| Why L-DOPA instead of just dopamine |
|
Definition
| Dopamine does not cross blood-brain barrier |
|
|
Term
| Most of L-DOPA is decarboxylated peripherally: solution |
|
Definition
| Increase dose [this is why first use of L-DOPA was ineffective: too low of a dose] |
|
|
Term
| Newer treatments for Parkinson's (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) COMT inhibitors, 2) GAD gene therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Environmental & genetic (autosomal dominant or recessive forms) |
|
|
Term
| Which affects proximal extermities: ballism or chorea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lesion of sub-thalamic nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Autosomal dominant of trinucleotide repeat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Degeneration of medium spiny striatal neurons that project to external globus pallidus |
|
|
Term
| Clinical features of Huntington's (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Onset post-child-bearing years, 2) chorea, 3) dementia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lesions at various sites; putamen is most common |
|
|
Term
| Idiopathic torsion dystonia inheritance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Initially idiopathic torsion dystonia was thought to be recessive, why |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leading research treatment for idiopathic torsion dystonia |
|
Definition
| RNA interference to silence gene |
|
|
Term
| Dopamine-blocking agents can lead to (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Tardiva dyskinesia, 2) akathisia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involuntary movement of mouth & tongue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the types of neurons in the cerebellar cortex, which is/are excitatory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the types of neurons in the cerebellar cortex, which is/are inhibitory |
|
Definition
| All but granule: Purkine, Golgi, basket, stellate |
|
|
Term
| Climbing fibers from the inferior olive are __ [ipsi- or contralateral] to where they go in the cerebellum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells excite the deep cerebellar nuclei (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Mossy fibers, 2) climbing fibers |
|
|
Term
| Which cells inhibit the deep cerebellar nuclei |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells inhibit granule cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells inhibit Purkinje cell bodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells inhibit Purkinje dendrites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells excite Purkine cells (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Granule cells, 2) climbing fibers |
|
|
Term
| Thalamic outputs of the cerebellum end in which nuclei (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thalamic outputs of the cerebellum exit which peduncle |
|
Definition
| Superior cerebellar peduncle |
|
|
Term
| Red nucleus outputs of the cerebellum exit which peduncle |
|
Definition
| Superior cerebellar peduncle |
|
|
Term
| Vestibular outputs of the cerebellum exit which peduncle |
|
Definition
| Inferior cerebellar peduncle |
|
|
Term
| Brainstem reticular outputs of the cerebellum exit which peduncle |
|
Definition
| Inferior cerebellar peduncle |
|
|
Term
| Cerebellar syndromes exhibit __ [ipsi- or contralateral] signs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cerebellum hemisphere syndrome features (8) |
|
Definition
| 1) Limb ataxis, 2) dysmetria, 3) dyssynergia, 4) adiadochokinesis, 5) volitional tremor, 6) hypotonia, 7) dysarthria, 8) nystagmus |
|
|
Term
| Dandy Walker malformation of the |
|
Definition
| Vermis with cyst in 4th ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cerebellum vermis herniates through foramen magnum; asymptomatic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Maybe a connection with the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| Functions of the basal ganglia |
|
Definition
| Learning/retention of complex motor tasks |
|
|
Term
| What's wrong with "basal ganglia" |
|
Definition
| Ganglia is a poor word choice because it's in the CNS |
|
|
Term
| Gray matter of the basal ganglia (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Caudate nucleus, 2) putamen, 3) globus pallidus, 4) nucleus accumbens, 5) olfactory tubercle |
|
|
Term
| Corpus striatum parts (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Caudate, 2) putamen, 3) globus pallidus |
|
|
Term
| Lentiform nucleus parts (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Putamen, 2) globus pallidus |
|
|
Term
| Dorsal striatum parts (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ventral straitum parts (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Nucleus accumbens, 2) olfactory tubercle, 3-4) ventral parts of the caudate & putamen |
|
|
Term
| Other structures related to the basal ganglia (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Substantia nigra, 2) subthalamic nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Striatum refers to which one |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of neurons found in the straitum (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Medium spiny, 2) small interneurons |
|
|
Term
| Which neurons make up 95% of the striatum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is information stored in the striatum |
|
Definition
| Dendritic spines of the medium spiny neurons |
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitter of medium spiny neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Subtypes of medium spiny neurons: what co-transmitters they use and what receptor (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Enkephalin on D2 receptors, 2) dynorphin & substance P on D1 receptors |
|
|
Term
| Medium spiny neurons of the striatum are normally: quiet or active |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitter of globus pallidus large spiny neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Divisions of the globus pallidus (2) |
|
Definition
| GP internal/medial = GPi; GP external/lateral = GPe |
|
|
Term
| Large spiny neurons of the GP are normally: quiet or active |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitter of the subthalamic nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substantia Nigra: pars Reticulata |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substantia Nigra: pars Compacta |
|
|
Term
| Output structures of the basal ganglia (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitter of most cells of the SNR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large spiny neurons of the SNC are normally: quiet or active |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What supplies the dopaminergic innervation of the striatum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pathway name between SNC & striatum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nigrostriatal pathway ends on which neurons (2) |
|
Definition
| Medium spiny, interneurons |
|
|
Term
| Which degenerates in Parkinson's: SNR or SNC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Open loop circuit structures (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Visual, 2) auditory, 3) frontal cortex |
|
|
Term
| Closed loop circuit structures (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) SMA/PMC, 2) [my guess=] pretty much everything??? |
|
|
Term
| Corticostrial system consists of branches of what (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which lobe of the cortex maps to the yellow arrow [ignore black arrows] |
|
Definition
| Pre- and postcentral gyri [to the putamen] |
|
|
Term
| Which lobe of the cortex maps to the yellow arrow [ignore black arrows] |
|
Definition
| Frontal lobe [to head of caudate] |
|
|
Term
| Which lobe of the cortex maps to the yellow arrow [ignore black arrows] |
|
Definition
| Parietal lobe [to body of caudate] |
|
|
Term
| Which lobe of the cortex maps to the yellow arrow [ignore black arrows] |
|
Definition
| Temporal & occipital lobes [to tail of caudate] |
|
|
Term
| Amygdala is inputted into the ___ of the basal ganglia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Outputs of the basal ganglia (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) VA, 2) MD, 3) posterior intralaminar, 4) superior colliculus, 5) midbrain tegmentum |
|
|
Term
| Pathways of the BG circuits (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which facilitates movement: direct or indirect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which inhibits movement: direct or indirect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thalamus __ [facilitates or inhibits] movement of the __ |
|
Definition
| Facilitates movement of the premotor cortex |
|
|
Term
| GPI __ [activates or inhibits] the activity of the __ nucleus of the __ |
|
Definition
| Inhibits VA of the thalamus |
|
|
Term
| STN __ [activates or inhibits] the activity of the __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GPe __ [activates or inhibits] the activity of the __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enkephalin MSN's __ [activates or inhibits] the activity of the __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dynorphin/substance P MSN's __ [activates or inhibits] the activity of the __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| MSN → GPi/SNR → VA → PMCTX |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| MSN → GPe → STN → GPi/SNR → VA → PMCTX |
|
|
Term
| Of both pathways, which connections are excitatory (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) VA → PMCTX, 2) STN → GPi/SNR |
|
|
Term
| Of both pathways, which connections are inhibitory (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) MSN → GPi/SNR, 2) GPi/SNR → VA, 3) MSN → GPe, 4) GPe → STN |
|
|
Term
| Activation of D1 receptors would be __ [facilitative or inhibitive] of movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of D2 receptors would be __ [facilitative or inhibitive] of movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of PMCTX: facilitates or inhibits movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of VA: facilitates or inhibits movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of GPi/SNR: facilitates or inhibits movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of D1 receptors: facilitates or inhibits movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of dynorphin MSN: facilitates or inhibits movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of STN: facilitates or inhibits movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of GPe: facilitates or inhibits movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of D2 receptors: facilitates or inhibits movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of enkephalin: facilitates or inhibits movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do dopaminergic neurons originate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which comes first: dopamine or movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Main activating pathway of the SNC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Components of the striata (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Matrix, 2) patch/striasomes |
|
|
Term
| Parkinson's: hypokinetic or hyperkinetic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Huntington's: hypokinetic or hyperkinetic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parkinson's clinical features (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Bradykinesia, 2) hypertonia, 3) aboulia |
|
|
Term
| Parkinson's has a loss of __ [inhibition or excitation] of the direct pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parkinson's has a loss of __ [inhibition or excitation] of the indirect pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Huntington's has a loss of __ [inhibition or excitation] of the direct pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Huntington's has a loss of __ [inhibition or excitation] of the indirect pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loss of inhibition of direct pathway: Parkinson's or Huntington's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loss of excitation of direct pathway: Parkinson's or Huntington's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loss of inhibition of indirect pathway: Parkinson's or Huntington's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loss of excitation of indirect pathway: Parkinson's or Huntington's |
|
Definition
|
|
