Term
| Name and function of cortical layer II? |
|
Definition
| external granular layer - inputs from cortical (association?) affarent fibers |
|
|
Term
| Name and function of cortical layer III? |
|
Definition
| External pyramidal layer - output to cortical association areas and corpus callosum |
|
|
Term
| Name and function of cortical layer IV? |
|
Definition
| Internal granular - input from thalamus |
|
|
Term
| Name and function of cortical layer V? |
|
Definition
| Internal pyramidal - output to corticopsinal, corticobulbar, corticopontine, corticoreticular, corticostriatal tracts. |
|
|
Term
| Name and function of cortical layer VI |
|
Definition
| multiform - notable for cortico-thalamic cells. |
|
|
Term
| What major fiber bundle is the pathway between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is thalamic syndrome? |
|
Definition
| After brief contralateral anesthesia, sensations return, but are poorly localized and disagreeable |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the ventral anterior thalamic nucleus? |
|
Definition
| Relay from motor selection system (g.p., s.n.) to premotor cortex (and some to prefrontal cortex) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function ventral lateral thalamic nucleus? |
|
Definition
| Relay from motor selection system (g.p., s.n., dentate nuc.) to primary motor cortex (and some to prefrontal cortex) |
|
|
Term
| What does the anterior thalamic nucleus connect with? |
|
Definition
| Limbic cortex/cingulate gyrus |
|
|
Term
| What does the pulvinar thalamic nucleus connect with? |
|
Definition
| Posterior multimodal assoc. cortices |
|
|
Term
| Name distinct sensory functions for Brodmann areas 3,1,2 |
|
Definition
| 3(a)=pain, 1= texture, 2= size/shape |
|
|
Term
| Where does the visual-spatial sketchpad seem to be located? |
|
Definition
| The parietal multimodal associaton area |
|
|
Term
| What is long-term potentiation? |
|
Definition
| Stimulating a neuron repeatedly gives higher response from a downstream neuron when future stimulus is applied to the upstream neuron. |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of NMDA receptors to memory? |
|
Definition
| These are necessary for long-term potentiation. Blocking with APV blocks learning (though antagonizing NMDAR in elderly may actually help memory due to "leaky" receptors). These receptors are also used to "couple" two pieces of information in the learning process. |
|
|
Term
| How do NMDAR's function as members of a memory circuit? |
|
Definition
| They are couplers, consolidating two pieces of information into one piece of information (an "A and B" packet of info). |
|
|
Term
| What is the polysnaptic intrahippocampal pathway? |
|
Definition
| (perihippocampal gyrus) -> Entorhinal cortex II -> perforant pathway -> dentate gyrus -> CA3/4 -> CA1 -> subiculum -> fornix |
|
|
Term
| What is the direct intrahippocampal pathway? |
|
Definition
| (perirhinal cortex) ->Entorhinal cortex III -> CA1 -> subiculum |
|
|
Term
| What components of the brain are responsive for emotional stimulus identification/ affective state production? |
|
Definition
| Ventral system: amygdala, ventral anterior cingulate cortex, ventral prefrontal cortex, ventral striatum, anterior insula. |
|
|
Term
| What components of the brain are responsible for managing affective state? |
|
Definition
| dorsal system: hypothalamus, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, dorsal prefrontal cortex |
|
|
Term
| What learning process will a lesion of the anterior cingulate cortex eliminate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are amygdala emotional responses conscious or unconscious? |
|
Definition
| These are primary subcortical, subconscious responses (direct relay to thalamus) |
|
|
Term
| What lesion is part of Kluver-Bucy syndrome? |
|
Definition
| BILATERAL amygdala lesion (inability to learn emotional significance of events) |
|
|
Term
| What is the core emotional defect associated with orbital/medial PFC lesion? |
|
Definition
| Insensitivity to emotional consequence of one's own action. Lack of empathy. |
|
|
Term
| Besides upper motor neurons, what other type of fiber is included in the corticospinal tract? |
|
Definition
| Fibers from 1ary sensory cortex that modify sensory processing (synapse on spinal cord posterior horn neurons) |
|
|
Term
| What fibers are found in the anterior spinal tract? |
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Definition
| Fibers that are uncrossed members of corticospinal. |
|
|
Term
| What will be a patient's posture if there is a supratentorial lesion that eliminates cortical control of the rubrospinal, vestibulospinal, and reticulospinal tracts? Will these pathways be activated or inhibited? |
|
Definition
| Lower extremities will be rigidly extended, and upper extremity (particularly proximal upper extremities) will be rigidly flexed. Each of the aforementioned pathways will be disinhibited. |
|
|
Term
| Which spinocerebellar tract enters cerebellum through the superior cerebellar peduncle? |
|
Definition
| The ventral spinocerebellar tract |
|
|
Term
| What is the thalamic relay target of the cerebellum? Of the basal ganglia |
|
Definition
| Cerebellum targets ventral lateral, basal ganglia targets ventral anterior |
|
|
Term
| Do cerebellar + basal ganglia outflow target motor or premotor areas in the cortex? |
|
Definition
| Cerebellum -> motor (direct "fine tuning" of movement); Basal Ganglia -> premotor (motor program selection) |
|
|
Term
| What is the output neuron of the striatum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which structures are the outflow components of the basal ganglia circuit? |
|
Definition
| Substantia nigra pars reticulata and globus pallidus interna |
|
|
Term
| Is the globus pallidus interna in tonic excitation or inhibition? Which upstream projections to GPI explain this? |
|
Definition
| Tonic excitation - the subthalamus is inherently tonically active, and stimulates the GPI, whereas the striatum is intermittently active, and inhibits the GPI. |
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitter increases the activity of the indirect basal ganglia motor pathway and decreases that of the direct? |
|
Definition
| Acetylcholine, from intrinsic basal ganglia neurons |
|
|
Term
| Which enzyme is the rate-limiting step of dopamine synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cell is the primary source of input to purkinje cels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What the heck is disdiadichokinesia? What cerebellar lesion could cause this? |
|
Definition
| This is a lack of the ability to perform rapid alternating movements. Cerebellar hemisphere lesion can cause this (along with intention tremor and limb ataxia) |
|
|
Term
| What structure in the nasal olfactory mucosa secretes olfactant binding proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two cell types in the olfactory bulb that transmit excitatory olfactory signals down the olfactory tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main projections of the lateral olfactory tract? |
|
Definition
| piriform cortex (=olfactory cortex), amygdala, entorhinal cortex->hippocampus, prefontal cortex, mediodorsal thalamus->frontal lobe |
|
|
Term
| Where is the gustatory cortex located? |
|
Definition
| Between the anterior insula and the frontal operculum |
|
|
Term
| What are the 1ary targets of taste neurons in caudal nucleus solitarius? |
|
Definition
| VPM of thalamus, amygdala |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the preoptic area (hypothalamus)? |
|
Definition
| GnRH secretion (medial preoptic nucleus) (also feeding, reproduction, locomotor, regulation of supraoptic nucleus in ADH release) |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and the periventricular hypothalamic nucleus? |
|
Definition
| The paraventricular nucleus is more lateral, and is involved in autonomics, releasing hormone secretion and direct neuroendocrine functions. The periventricular nucleus is midline and releases somatostatin. |
|
|
Term
| What is a primary function of the anterior hypothalamic nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hypothalamic nuclei secret neuroendocrine hormones into the posterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
| The paraventricular and the supraoptic nuclei |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the structures by which the amygdala communicates with the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
| The stria terminals and ventral amygdalofugal pathway |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms/lesions associated w/ korsakov's syndrome? |
|
Definition
| lesion of lateral mamillary nucleus -> short term memory loss |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
| Neuroendocrine secretion into the posterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| What circumventricular organs function as osmotic sensors? |
|
Definition
| The subfornical organ and the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminals |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of hyperosmolar conditions on the output signal of the SFO (subfornical organ) and OVLT (organum vasulosum of the lamina terminalis) to the MnPO (medial preoptic nucleus)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the MnPO (median preoptic area)? |
|
Definition
| It compares the signals from OVLT (organum vascularum of the lamina terminalis) and SFO (subfornical organ) and stimulates the SON (supraoptic nucleus) if they are the same (increases ADH secretion) |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of the medial forebrain bundle in the release of oxytocin? |
|
Definition
| Ascending affarent neurons pass through this structure as they deliver stimulus from nipples to supraoptic/paraventricular nuclei |
|
|
Term
| What neurohormones does the arcuate nucleus release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neurohormones does the preoptic area release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neurohormones does the paraventricular nucleus release (including hormones released into either lobe of pituitary) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neurohormones does the anterior periventricular nucleus release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the brain that have allocortex? How many layers? |
|
Definition
| The hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, piriform cortex (primary olfactory cortex) |
|
|
Term
| What is distinctive about spindle neurons (phylogeny)? |
|
Definition
| They are only found in "advanced" mammals, and similarly are found only in particular parts of the human brain involved in social function ( |
|
|
Term
| Name and function of cortical layer I? |
|
Definition
| molecular: receives modulation signals - from monoaminergic nuclei (eg dorsal raphe nuclei, ventral tegmental area) and interlaminar group of thalamic nuclei |
|
|
Term
| Cortex and thalamus engage in reciprocal communication. Which layer of cortex talks to thalamus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| brodmann number for primary motor area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| brodmann number for primary somatosensory area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| brodmann number for primary visual region (striate cortex)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| brodmann number for visual association region? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| brodmann number for Wernicke's area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| brodmann number for primary auditory region? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| brodmann number for broca's motor speech area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the fibers that control facial muscles located as they descend through the internal capsule? |
|
Definition
| At the genu (along with other corticobulbar fibers) |
|
|
Term
| Which fibers are found in the anterior limb of the internal capsule? |
|
Definition
| Corticothalamic/thalamocortical fibers |
|
|
Term
| Which fibers are found in the posterior limb of the internal capsule? |
|
Definition
| corticospinal and somatosensory ascending sensory information, and parietalpontine fibers |
|
|
Term
| What fibers are found in the sublentiform and retrolentiform portions of the internal capsule? |
|
Definition
Sublentiform: temporal lobe connections (auditory radiations, temperopontine fibers)
retrolentiform: occipital lobe connectors (optic radiations, occipitopontine fibers) |
|
|
Term
| Which two structures sandwich the reticular nucleus of the thalamus? |
|
Definition
| The external medullary lamina (thalamus) and the internal capsule (eg corticospinal and other tracts) |
|
|
Term
| which thalamic nucleus projects to limbic cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which thalamic nucleus projects to motor/premotor cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the dorsomedial thalamic nuclei? |
|
Definition
| Limbic - project to anterior multimodal association areas |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the dorsimedial thalamic nucleus? |
|
Definition
| Projects to anterior multimodal association cortex |
|
|
Term
| Which thalamic nucleus has cortical input and regulates all other thalamic nuclei? What neurotransmitter does it use? |
|
Definition
| Reticular nucleus - GABAergic |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the centrimedian and parafascicular nuclei? |
|
Definition
| These intralaminar group nuclei project to much of cortex to modulate sleep/wakefulness/sensory |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the gross structure in the 1ary motor cortex to which the leg projects (as opposed to precentral gyrus). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Brodmann's areas 1 and 2? |
|
Definition
1: texture discriminative
2: shape/size discrimination |
|
|
Term
| What brain structures are activated by pain? |
|
Definition
| SI and especially SII somatosensory areas, anterior cingulate cortex, insular cortex, and other areas. |
|
|
Term
| True or false: the spinothalamic tract neurons synapse in the thalamus in the same location as the DC/ML neurons? |
|
Definition
| Somewhat false - though they do synapse in VPL/VPM, they also synapse in mediodorsal, intralaminar, and posterior thalamic complex (includes pulvinar) nuclei. In general, the spinothalamic tract projects much more broadly than does the DC/ML tract. |
|
|
Term
| What are the differences between the ventral and dorsal processing streams? |
|
Definition
| Ventral = object recognition information Dorsal = motion/spatial information |
|
|
Term
| What are the terms for loss of language, memory, visuospatial skills, attention, or executive processing? |
|
Definition
| aphasia, agnosia, apraxia, neglect, dysexecutive syndromes |
|
|
Term
| What causes conduction aphasia? Symptoms? |
|
Definition
Lesion of arcuate fasciculus
No trouble understanding, fairly fluent speech, difficulty repeating sounds. |
|
|
Term
| Which brain hemispheres pay attention to which visual world hemispheres? |
|
Definition
| The right brain pays attention to the whole visual world; the left brain pays attention to only the right visual world |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the supraoptic/paraventricular nuclei? Which portion of the hypothalamus are they located in? |
|
Definition
| These nuclei make vasopressin and oxytocin |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary function of the anterior nucleus (hypothalamus)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three functions of the paraventricular nucleus (hypothalamus)? |
|
Definition
1) autonomic
2)Tuberoinfundibular tract
3) supraopticohypophyseal tract |
|
|
Term
| What are the hypothalamic nuclei that contribute to the supraopticohypophyseal tract? |
|
Definition
| The paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei |
|
|
Term
| What are the nuclei that contribute to the tubuloinfundibular tract? |
|
Definition
| The medial preoptic nucleus, the paraventricular nucleus, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and the arcuate nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What emotion is associated with the dorsomedial nucleus (hypothalamus)? |
|
Definition
| aggressive emotional behavior |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the ventromedial nucleus (hypothalamus)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main homeostatic function of the mamillary bodies? |
|
Definition
| Control of blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| Which portions of the hypothalamus does the posteriomedial group of perforating arteries supply? |
|
Definition
| The tubelar and mamillary regions |
|
|
Term
| Which structure sends information through the stria terminalis? The fornix? What is the other pathway that the amygdala uses? |
|
Definition
| The amygdala sends information through the stria terminalis, and the hippocampus sends information through the fornix. The amygdala also sends info to the hypothalamus via the ventral amygdalofugal pathway. |
|
|
Term
| What cortical structures stimulate the thalamo-hypothalamic tract? |
|
Definition
| prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the Papez circuit? |
|
Definition
| Mamillary bodies -> mamillothalamic tract -> anterior thalamic nucleus -> cingulate gyrus -> hippocampus -> fornix -> mamillary bodies... |
|
|
Term
| What part of the amygdala communicates with the hypothalamus through the strium terminalis? Through the ventral amygdalofugal pathway? |
|
Definition
| Strium T. = corticomedial amygdala Ventral amygdolofugal = basolateral amygdala |
|
|
Term
| What is difference in function between orbital frontal cortex and lateral frontal cortex? |
|
Definition
| Orbital is involved in mood regulation, inhibition Lateral is involved in motivation, psychomotor initiation |
|
|
Term
| What fibers are found in the anterior limb of the internal capsule? |
|
Definition
| Frontopontine fibers, fibers connecting dorsomedial/anterior thalamic nuclei with frontal lobe/singulate gyrus |
|
|
Term
| What will be the appearance of limbs below the level of a spinal chord transection |
|
Definition
| Spastic (hypotonic?) paresis, in a "withdrawal" position |
|
|
Term
| What structures could be affected by a large acoustic neuroma of the pontomedullary angle? |
|
Definition
| Nerve roots of V, VII, VIII, IX, and X; also inferior cerebellar peduncle. |
|
|
Term
| What lesion causes "locked in" syndrome |
|
Definition
| Lesion of the (entire) ventral pons |
|
|
Term
| Is the rubrospinal tract crossed or uncrossed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structures will an occlusion of the MCA lesion? |
|
Definition
| Primary motor and somatosensory cortices, internal capsule, visual radiations |
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|
