Term
| What is composed of a cell body or soma and processes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Another term for "cell body" |
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Definition
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Term
| Consists of nucleus and cytoplasm with organelles. |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of cell in the nervous system that conducts information from one area to another. |
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Definition
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Term
| Clumps of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Do neurons have a prominent nucleus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the cytoplasm of a neuron have in it? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 3 places where Nissl Substance can be found in a neuron. |
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Definition
Soma
Proximal parts of Dendrites
Little in Axon Hillock |
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Term
| Where in a neuron is Nissl Substance NOT found? |
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Definition
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Term
| Composed of filaments of several types. (Microtubules and Neurofilaments) |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are microtubules located? |
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Definition
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Term
| The largest of filaments that is involved in the movement of substances and organelles within neuronal cytoplasm. |
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Definition
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Term
| The movement of substances and organelles within neuronal cytoplasm. |
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Definition
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Term
| Occurs both away and toward the soma. |
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Definition
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Term
| Another term for axoplasmic transport moving away from the soma. |
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Definition
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Term
| Another term for axoplasmic transport moving toward the soma. |
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Definition
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Term
| Way in which cellular elements and neurotransmitters are transported down the axon. |
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Definition
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Term
| A group of neuronal cell bodies outside of the CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| Picks up information and takes it into the cell body |
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Definition
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Term
| The most numerous of filaments in axons. |
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Definition
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Term
| Bones of the cytoskeleton that occur only in neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| Another term for axoplasmic transport |
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Definition
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Term
| In Alzheimer's Disease and some other degenerative disorders, neurofilaments appear to be modified, forming a characteristic lesion called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Virus that attacks motor neurons by getting into motor neurons by being taken up at the synaptic cleft and being transported retrogradly back up to the cell to destroy it. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells located in the cerebellum that receives information coming in. |
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Definition
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Term
| Every neuron has at least 1 process that comes off the cell. If a neuron only has one process, what is that process called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Serves as the main apparatus for receiving the input to the neuron from other nerve cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| May be extensive, highly branched or small with restricted branching. |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of when a dendrite was extensive and highly branched. |
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Definition
| Purkinje cells of the cerebellum |
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Term
| Give an example of when a dendrite was small and restricted. |
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Definition
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Term
| May occupy 50% or more of the dendritic surface area. |
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Definition
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Term
| Many dendrites contain ____ which serve to increase the surface area and are attachment sites for synapses. |
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Definition
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Term
| Information travels along what to get to the cell body? |
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Definition
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Term
| There can only be one of these per neuron. |
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Definition
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Term
| Long process of uniform diameter. Rarely branches until terminal segment. It is the main conducting unit of the neuron. It propogates action potential. |
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Definition
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Term
| Can be .2 to 20 microns in diameter and up to 1 meter in length. |
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Definition
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Term
| A specialized region of cell body from which the axon arises. It is the region where an action potential is initiated. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do you think a dendrite might have spines? |
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Definition
| To increase the surface area |
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Term
| Do not branch until the terminal end. |
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Definition
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Term
| Near it's end, an axon divides into fine branches that have specialized swellings called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The point where the axon makes contact with other cells via synapse. |
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Definition
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Term
| What may axons be covered with? |
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Definition
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Term
| A lipid coating that increases the transmission speed of information down an axon. |
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Definition
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Term
| Are all neurons myelinated? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are neurons classified? |
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Definition
| Based on the number of processes that arise from the cell body |
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Term
| Name 3 classifications of neurons. |
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Definition
Unipolar/Pseudounipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar |
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Term
| Type of neuron that has one primary process that splits into peripheral and central processes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of a unipolar/pseudounipolar neuron. |
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Definition
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Term
| With the cells of a dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord, what do the peripheral process part of the peripheral nerve carry info. from? |
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Definition
| Skin, Muscle, Joint, etc. to cell body |
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Term
| With the cells of a dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord, where do the central processes get info. from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do peripheral and central process function as different axons? |
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Definition
| No, they function as one axon |
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Term
| Two processes arising from the soma |
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Definition
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Term
| Has a peripheral process and a central process. |
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Definition
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Term
| This process of a bipolar neuron conveys information from the periphery |
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Definition
| Peripheral process or dendrite |
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Term
| This process of a bipolar neuron carries information toward the CNS. |
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Definition
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Term
| Many bipolar cells are ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of a bipolar neuron. |
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Definition
| Bipolar cells of auditory ganglion, olfactory epithelium |
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Term
| The predominant type of neuron in the vertebrate nervous system. |
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Definition
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Term
| Have a single axon and more dendritic branches that emerge from all parts of the cell body. |
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Definition
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Term
| In multipolar neurons, does the size and shape of the neurons vary much? |
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Definition
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Term
| In multipolar neurons, does the number of dendrite and the lengths of dendrites and axons vary much? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of a multipolar neuron |
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Definition
| Motor neuron of the spinal cord. Has about 10,000 contacts from other cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Are there more neurons or neuroglia? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Name 5 basic functions of neuroglia. |
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Definition
1. Support elements
2. Form myelin
3. Scavengers
4. Control ion concentration and help control blood flow
5. Guide developing cells |
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Term
| Provides firmness and structure to the brain. |
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Definition
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Term
| Up to 50% of brain volume may be composed of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 2 types of glial cells form myelin? |
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Definition
Oligodendrocytes of the CNS
Schwann cells of the PNS |
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Term
| Some ___ cells remove debris after injury or neuronal death. |
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Definition
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Term
| Takes up K+ and certain neurotransmitters after neuronal activity; some respond to neural activity and cause vasodilation to increase local blood flow. |
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Definition
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Term
| During development, certain glial cells guide the migration of neurons and direct the outgrowth of axons. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 2 main classes of neuroglia. |
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Definition
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Term
| This class of glia only gets activated as needed. |
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Definition
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Term
| This class of glia are phagocytes. They are mobilized after injury, infection, or other disease. They have an unrelated embryology to other types of neuroglia. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 4 types of Macroglia |
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Definition
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells |
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Term
| Line the cavities of the ventricular system. |
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Definition
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Term
| Small cells with few processes. Makes myelin. |
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Definition
| Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Insulates axons and greatly enhances the conduction of electrical signals. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which axons conduct impulses faster? Unmyelinated axons or Myelinated Axons? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which axons conduct impulses faster? Unmyelinated axons or Myelinated Axons? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do schwann cells and oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath? |
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Definition
| By wrapping their membranous processes concentrically around the axon in a tight spiral. |
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Term
| Myelin forming cells of the CNS. Usually envelops several axons, 15 on average. |
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Definition
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Term
| Myelin forming cells of the PNS. Each cell envelops only one axon. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most numerous type of glial cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| Irregularly shaped bodies and fairly long processes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Many astrocyte processes terminate in "end feet" which may cover the surface of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves creating the what? |
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Definition
| Glial membrane or limiting sheath |
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Term
| Surrounds the CNS as a protective covering |
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Definition
| Glial membrane or limiting sheath |
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Term
| Many neurons have astrocytic end feet which cover areas not covered by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do astrocytic end feet contain? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are there astrocytes on blood vessels? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is released every time there is cellular destruction or over activity of cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| When glutamate attaches to astrocytes and activates them. They will release what onto capillaries? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can regulate blood flow in certain areas of the brain because of their glutamate receptors. |
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Definition
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Term
| Tight junctions of endothelial cells, along with glial membrane forms what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Limits substances that can pass from the blood stream into neuronal tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 4 basic functions of astrocytes |
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Definition
1. Regulate ionic and chemical balance of ECF
2. Regulate local blood flow
3. Acts as scavengers
4. React in neurodegenerative disorders |
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Term
| How do astrocytes regulate ionic and chemical balance of ECF? |
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Definition
| Take up extra K+, neurotransmitters and extrude at distant site, maybe into blood vessels. |
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Term
| How do astrocytes help regulate local blood flow? |
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Definition
| Increased neuronal activity results in increased release of glutamate. Some glutamate binds to receptors on astrocyte end-feet. This binding causes release of vasodilating factors from end-feet onto local blood vessels thus increasing local blood flow to support neuronal activity. |
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Term
| Along with microglia, what helps to remove neuronal debris and help seal off damaged brain tissue after injury by forming a glial scar. |
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Definition
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Term
| Astrocytes can become reactive in certain neurodegenerative disorders. Name 1 |
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Definition
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Term
| Radial glial cells of development that provide a pathway for neural migration |
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Definition
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Term
| Simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium that lines the ventricular system. In contact with ECF. Most bear cilia and microvilli on their face or apical surfaces. Help to produce and move ECF. |
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Definition
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Term
| Ciliated to help CSF circulate through the ventricular system |
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Definition
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