Term
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Definition
golgi tendon organs (tension) 1b fiber, afferent
muscle spindles (passive stretch - a load is placed, but there is no muscle action)
joint receptors
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Term
Most somatosensory receptors use mechanotransduction to depolarize the receptor membrane.
Which one does not?
How does it work? |
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Definition
Merkel Cells
They release neurotransmitter onto afferent nerve terminals |
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Term
| 2 sensory inputs that go directly into the cerebrum: |
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Definition
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Term
6 sensory inputs that go directly to the brain stem:
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Definition
taste
viscera
face
cranium
hearing
head tilt and acceleration
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Term
| General functions of the pons |
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Definition
posture
REM sleep
facial expression
conjugated horizontal eye movements |
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Term
General functions of the midbrain
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Definition
vertical eye movements
vergeance
pupillary control
posture and locomotion
non-REM sleep
level of arousal |
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Term
general functions of the medulla
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Definition
BP
breathing
GI motility
ingestion
equilibrium
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Term
general path of
pain and temperature
somatosensations |
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Definition
PRG
posterior horn (decussates)
ventral posterolateral thalamus
post central gyrus
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|
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Term
general path of
touch, vibration, & proprioception
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Definition
(sensory receptor)
PRG
posterior column nucleus (decussates)
(unknown thalamic???)
post central gyrus
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Term
| Which cutaneous mechanoreceptor provides the best spatial resolution? |
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Definition
Merkel Cells (touch, pressure)
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|
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Term
| Which cutaneous mechanoreceptor gives sensory info about motion and speed? |
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Definition
| Pacinian corpuscles (vibration) |
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Term
Capsaicin binds to a receptor that is also activated by high temperatures. It can elicit hyperalgesia to thermal and mechanical stimuli.
Name the receptor it binds to.
Name the type of fiber that can be desensitized with repeated applications. |
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Definition
Capsaicin binds TRPV1
C-Type Fibers are desensitized, inhibiting inflammatory mediators from peripheral nerves
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Term
| Which cutaneous mechanoreceptors are slow adapting throughout the the stimulus? |
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Definition
Merkel Cells
Ruffini
proprioceptors |
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Term
| Which cutaneous mechanoreceptors are rapidly adapting or activated at the onset and removal of the stimulus? |
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Definition
Meissner (tap flutter)
Pacinian (vibration)
(they detect movement and direction) |
|
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Term
| Name the 3 major descending pathways for purposeful movement: |
|
Definition
corticospinal tract
corticonuclear tract
brain stem- spinal
also:
visual motor (extraocular movements)
cerebellum and basal nuclei (regulate the first 3) |
|
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Term
| When several primary afferent nerve fibers converge on a secondary neuron, "convergence" increases the size of the receptive field. In what location do the primary afferent nerve fibers converge? |
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Definition
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|
Term
TRUE of FALSE
If there is a loss of blood to the post-central gyrus, could the patient lose discriminitive touch to the left LE? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which artery goes to the red nucleus? |
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Definition
| paramedian branch of the PCA |
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Term
| If there is an occlusion of the PSA, and the patient experiences sensory deficits in the arm, which nucleus is effected? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the cell bodies located if the axons ascend in the right anterolateral tract? |
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Definition
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Term
| If the patient has an MCA stroke and can no longer identify coins in hi pocket, which Brodmann Area is effected? |
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Definition
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Term
| The patient has difficulty walking for 1 week. He has pain in the right LE and back and its getting worse. The strength in his right gastrochnemius is 4/5. you checked his right side for pin prick and light touch of the lateral calf, standing on his toes, and his achilles reflex. What nerve root/spinal level is affected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Choose (name) a term for a group of neuronal cell bodies: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pair a thalamic nuclei with a tissue description.
VPL is _______________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The patient is unconscious, experienced trauma, and exhibits decorticate posturing. Where is the lesion? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the signs of a a Brown-Sequard lesion at T8-10? |
|
Definition
Spastic paralysis of the LE
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Term
| Which artery supplies the cortical spinal tract that descends in the internal capsule? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a cup is heavier than expected, our reflex is to grip the cup tighter. How does this happen? |
|
Definition
| decreased firing of the golgi tendon neurons |
|
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Term
| Where is the artery occlusion if the patient has a weak left leg, weak left UE, decreased discriminative touach on the left, hemiparesis, and symptos that are worsening? |
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Definition
| Paramedian Branches of Basilar A. |
|
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Term
| In the patellar tendon reflex, the type 1a sensory fibers synapse on which cells? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Name the 3 major ascending pathways: |
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Definition
ALS
PC-MLS
trigeminal nuclei of trigeminal systems |
|
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Term
Correctly match the location/names with
Rexed's lamina numbers:
anterior horn II
intermediate zone III and IV
nucleus pulposus VII
substantia gelatinosa IX |
|
Definition
CORRECT:
anterior horn IX
intermediate zone VII
nucleus pulposus III and IV
substantia gelatinosa II |
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|
Term
what system does PICA supply?
At what level of the brain stem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What system does PSA supply?
Which nuclei?
What level of the brain stem? |
|
Definition
PC-MLS
gracile and cuneate nuc.
caudal medulla |
|
|
Term
What nuclei does the vertebral artery supply?
What brain stem level? |
|
Definition
olive
inferior olivary nuclei
at both rosral and caudal medulla |
|
|
Term
What structures do the paramedian br. of basilar artery supply?
What level? |
|
Definition
desc. fibers
medial pontine nuclei
medial lemniscus
pons |
|
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Term
| What nuclei does ASA supply? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What structures does the paramedian br. of PCA supply?
|
|
Definition
red nuc.
medial substantia nigra
medial crus cerebri
at the level of midbrain |
|
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Term
| What does quadrigeminal a. supply? (7+ items) |
|
Definition
sup. and inf. colliculus
periaqueductal gray
ALS
medial lemniscus
lateral substantia nigra
Lateral crus cerebri |
|
|
Term
| What is the blood supply to the inf. and sup. colliculi? (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name the primary cortices and their respective Brodmann areas that are heterotypical granular
Which one is heterotypical AGRANULAR? |
|
Definition
primary visual cortex (B 17)
primary auditory cortex (B 41)
primary somatosensory cortex (B 3,1,2)
AGRANULAR: primary somatoMOTOR cortex (B 4) |
|
|
Term
Wht type of fibers do you find in the internal capsule in the following locations:
Anterior limb (name 2)
Posterior limb (name 2)
genu
sublenticular
retrolenticular |
|
Definition
Ant: thalamocortical & corticopontine
Post: thalamocortical & corticospinal
Genu: Corticonuclear
Sublen: thalamotemporal (audition)
Retrolen: thalamooccipital (vision)
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|
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Term
| Lenticulostriate artery supplies? |
|
Definition
IC
putamen
globus pallidus |
|
|
Term
| Anterior Choroidal Artery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mediate striate artery of ACA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
MAtch the connection/ nucleus of the thalamus to the following cortices:
primary visual cortex (B 17)
primary auditory cortex (B 41)
primary somatosensory cortex (B 3,1,2)
primary somatoMOTOR cortex (B 4) |
|
Definition
LGN primary visual cortex (B 17)
MGN primary auditory cortex (B 41)
VPL & VPM primary somatosensory cortex (B 3,1,2)
VL primary somatoMOTOR cortex (B 4) |
|
|
Term
True or False:
impairment of motor neurons usually
causes negative signs,
while impairment of sensory neurons usually
causes positive signs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following sensatios are cortical sensations?
Which are pain?
Choose from:
pin prick
graphesthesia
2-pt discrimination
vibration
joint position
stereognosis |
|
Definition
CORTICAL:
graphesthesia
stereognosis
PAIN PATHWAY:
pin prick |
|
|
Term
Which are discriminative touch?
Which are Primary Sensations?
Choose from:
pin prick
graphesthesia
2-pt discrimination
vibration
joint position
stereognosis |
|
Definition
Primary:
pin prick
2-pt discrimination
vibration
joint position
Discriminative pathways:
2-pt discrimination
vibration
joint position
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Flaccid paralysis
Hypotonia
hyporeflexia
fasciculations
atrophy |
|
|
Term
| Caffeine may cause which LMN sign? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UMN signs usually indicate damage to which tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spacticity
hyperreflexia
hypertonia
loss of dexterity
clonus
Babinski sign |
|
|
Term
67 yo female has increasing clumsiness of her right hand, stumbling, hemianesthesia on the right side of her face and body. moter examination reveals 5/5 strength on the left and 2/5 on the right arm amd 1/5 on the right leg. Reflexes are 3+ on the right, but 2+ on the left.
Are these upper or lower motor neuron signs?
What side is the lesion on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In tomagraphic x-ray technique, what does 1000+ HU represent? |
|
Definition
Hyperdensity, Bone (measured in Hounsfield Units)
for comparison, water=0 HU and Air=-1000 HU |
|
|
Term
| Lens-shaped intercranial bleed indicates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A subdural hematoma is crescent-shaped. What is the likely source of this blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What color is the CSF in a T1-weighted magnet resonance image?
What does the white matter look like? |
|
Definition
CSF is Black
GM and WM looks "unstained" |
|
|
Term
| If you want to know if a tumor is degrading the BBB, by being able to visualize the leaks in the barrier, what type of imaging show you use? |
|
Definition
Contrast-Enhanced MRI
(gadolinium will show the leaks) |
|
|
Term
| In diffusion-Weighted MRI, what does the pulse sequence detect? |
|
Definition
| microscopic vibration of water molecules, wich are restricted by axon tracts |
|
|
Term
| Despite the expense, which type of autoradiography is used to detect cancer through the imaging of glucose metabolism? |
|
Definition
| PET (positive emission tomography) |
|
|
Term
The slowest myelinated fiber type is...
give an example... |
|
Definition
A-delta fibers (class III afferent fibers)
(high -threshhold mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors) |
|
|
Term
| When tactile sensation from the T7 dermatome is transmitted, in which nucleus in the caudal pons does the primary sensory nucleus synapse? |
|
Definition
gracile nucleus
(Conveys tactile sensation from T6 dermatome and below) |
|
|
Term
| When tactile sensation from the T7 dermatome is transmitted, in which nucleus does the secondary nucleus synapse? |
|
Definition
after decussating,
and ascending in the C/L medial lemniscus,
it synapses in the VPL |
|
|
Term
| What path does neuron #3 (with its cell body in the VPL) take to reach its destination at S1 in the somatosensory cortex? |
|
Definition
| It asends through the posterior limb of the IC |
|
|
Term
| Explain astereognosis. Where is the lesion that causes this pathology? |
|
Definition
Primary sense of touch is intact, but patient has an inability to identify objects by touch.
Lesion in the secondary somatosensory cortex (SII) |
|
|
Term
| Brodmann area(s) in the parietal association cortex? |
|
Definition
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