Term
| Which nerve innervates the lateral rectus of the eyeball? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which nerve innervates the superior obliques of the eyeball? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which nerve innervates the superior, inferior, and medial recti and the inferior oblique of the eyeball? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name for a drooping eyelid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cranial nerve innervates the levator palpebrae? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the constriction or relaxation of ciliary muscles causing the lens to flatten or become more spherical, respectively. Helps the eye to change focus from distant to near objects |
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Term
| What is the most common reason for diabetic retinopathy? |
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Definition
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Term
| parasympathetic fibers to the eyeball are carried through which cranial nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the superior oblique? |
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Definition
| Depression while adducting |
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Term
| What is the function of the inferior oblique? |
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Definition
| elevation while adducting |
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Term
| What is the function of the superior rectus? |
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Definition
| elevation while abducting |
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Term
| What is the function of the inferior rectus? |
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Definition
| depression while abducting |
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Term
| Disorders of which of the cranial nerves can cause diplopia? What are three causes of diplopia? |
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Definition
-3, 4, and 6
-Mechanical (orbital fracture), disorders of the EOM's, myasthenia gravis (loss of muscle tone) |
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Term
| In testing a patient for diplopia, if it does NOT go away when you cover one eye it is called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are three causes of the monocular diplopia? |
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Definition
-opthalmological disease
-visual cortex disorders
-psychiatric conditions |
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Term
| What is a possible cause of a visual cortex disorder? |
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Definition
| blunt trauma to the back of the head |
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Term
| When testing for diplopia, if it goes away when covering one of the patient's eyes, what is it called? |
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Definition
| - it is a disorder of eye movement |
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Term
| In complete occulomotor palsy (CN III), you lose function of all but what two EOM's? Which way does this cause the eyeball to settle at rest? What are two other indicators? |
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Definition
-lose all but the superior oblique and the lateral rectus
-causes the eye to go down and out at rest
-complete ptosis (levator palpebrae lost)
-pupil dilated and unresponsive to light (parasympathetic component, fibers originating from the edinger westphal) |
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Term
| What are 6 causes of oculomotor palsy? |
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Definition
-diabetic neuropathy
-compression of 3rd CN by aneurysm
-head trauma
-herniation of medial temporal lobe
-ophthalmoplegic migraine
-stroke in midbrain |
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Term
| If diabetic neuropathy is the cause of oculomotor palsy, is the pupil spared or involved? |
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Definition
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Term
| If compression of the third nerve is the cause of occulomotor palsy, is the pupil spared or involved? |
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Definition
| involved, bc parasympathetic fibers to pupil are located near the surface of the nerve |
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Term
| Trochlear (CN 4) palsy is characterized by what? What muscle involved |
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Definition
-hypertropia (vertical deviation of the eye)
-vertical diplopia--> when you try and read a book the effected eye will look up
-superior oblique |
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Term
| Abducens nerve (CN6) palsy is characterized by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Abducens nerve palsy can be an early sign of what? |
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Definition
| increased intracranial pressure (bc of its long course) |
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Term
| What are 4 subjective symptoms of increased intracranial pressure and one objective? |
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Definition
S: headache, impaired alertness, nausea, double vision
O: blurred disc margins (papilledema), bilateral 6th nerve palsy |
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Term
| What is a mnemonic to remember the subjective symptoms of increased intracranial pressure? |
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Definition
| HIND (headache, impaired alertness, nausea, double vision) |
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Term
| What does the radial muscle of the iris do when it contracts? Is it sympathetic or parasympathetic innervation? |
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Definition
| dilates the pupil when it is contracted. sympathetic |
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Term
| What does the circular muscle of the iris do when it contracts? is it sympathetic or parasympathetic innervation? |
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Definition
| Constricts the pupil, parasympathetic |
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Term
| What does the circular muscle of the iris do when it contracts? is it sympathetic or parasympathetic innervation? |
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Definition
| Constricts the pupil, parasympathetic |
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Term
| What CN is a efferent parasympathetic pathway from the edinger-westphal nucleus to the pupillary constrictor muscle? A lesion of this nerve causes what consequence to the pupil? |
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Definition
-CN3
-Lesion causes impaired pupillary constriction, unilaterally dilated pupil |
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Term
| What is Horner's syndrome caused by? |
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Definition
| a lesion anywhere along the sympathetic pathway |
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Term
| What are three characteristics of Horner's syndrome? |
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Definition
-ptosis- from loss of innervation to Muller's muscle of upper lid
-miosis- from loss of sympathetic innervation to pupillary dilator muscle
-anhidrosis, inability to sweat properly (due to loss of sympathetic innervation) |
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Term
| What is benign anisocoria? |
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Definition
| pupillary asymmetry, seen in 20% of population |
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Term
| What effect do opiates have on the pupils? |
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Definition
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Term
| What effect do barbituates have on the pupils? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Adie's myotonic pupil? |
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Definition
| degeneration of the ciliary ganglion which causes a mid dilated pupil that reacts poorly to light |
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Term
| Which two muscles control opening of the eye? |
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Definition
-levator palpebrae superior (CN3)
-muller's smooth muscle (sympathetic) |
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Term
| What muscle causes closure of the eye? |
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Definition
| orbicularis oculi (CNVII, the facial nerve) |
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Term
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Definition
| WHen the eyes go in the opposite direction that the head is turned |
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Term
| What are 4 possible causes of ptosis? |
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Definition
-horner's syndrome
-CN 3 palsy
-myasthenia gravis
-pseudoptosis (Bells palsy causes widened palpebral fissure, may think opposite eye has ptosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| involuntary rhythmic movements of the eye |
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Term
| What is pendular nystagmus? |
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Definition
| oscillations equal in rate in both directions (central vision lost early in life) |
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Term
| what is jerk nystagmus? How is the direction named? |
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Definition
| movements alternate between a slow and fast component. named by the fast component (nystagmus to the left) |
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Term
| What can optokinetic nystagmus be related to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define exotropia, esotropia, and hypertropia |
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Definition
-exotropia: abnormal lateral deviation of one eye
-esotropia: abnormal medial deviation of one eye
-hypertropia: vertical deviation of one eye |
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Term
| What is dilantin? WHo is it prescribed to? What are two side effects? |
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Definition
-anti epileptic drug given to epileptic patients
-patient's gums are swollen, can cause nystagmus |
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