Term
|
Definition
| Mass of cells, thickening of neural ectoderm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Folding of the neural plate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dorsal projections of the neural fold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neural folds fuse to form a cylinder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells that pinch off when tube forms |
|
|
Term
| What are dorsal root ganglia also known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Collection of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS |
|
|
Term
| Which nerves have sensory ganglia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are autonomic ganglia located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the adrenal medulla contain & produce? |
|
Definition
Contains specialized neural tissue
Produces neurosecretory products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Primary vesicle stage of brain development
(3 parts) |
|
Definition
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What does the prosencephalon turn into? |
|
Definition
| Forebrain structures (splits into 2 parts) |
|
|
Term
| What does the mesencephalon give rise to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the rhombencephalon give rise to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 parts of the secondary vesicle stage |
|
Definition
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon |
|
|
Term
| Which 2 secondary vesicle parts are derived from the prosencephalon? |
|
Definition
Telencephalon
Diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| Which 2 secondary vesicle parts are derived from rhombencephalon? |
|
Definition
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What does the ventricular system form from? |
|
Definition
| Hollow part of the neural tube |
|
|
Term
| Parts of the ventricular system |
|
Definition
Lateral ventricles (2)
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle
Mesencephalic aquaduct |
|
|
Term
| Where are the lateral ventricles located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What connects the left and right lateral ventricles (and the third ventricle)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What flows through the ventricular system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the lateral ventricles look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the third ventricle located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the third ventricle look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what connects the third and fourth ventricles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the mesencephalic aquaduct located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Another name for the fourth ventricle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the fourth ventricle located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the lateral apertures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the median aperture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the lateral apertures open? |
|
Definition
| Into the subarachnoid space |
|
|
Term
| Where does the median aperture open? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two parts of the brain is the fourth ventricle associated with? |
|
Definition
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon |
|
|
Term
| How does closure of the neural tube proceed? |
|
Definition
| Starts in the middle then closure continues on each end |
|
|
Term
| What does failure to close the rostral neuropore lead to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does failure to close the caudal neuropore lead to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are brain flexures the result of? |
|
Definition
| Folding to fit in the skull |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the midbrain flexure? |
|
Definition
| On the cranial ventral surface |
|
|
Term
| Where is the pontine flexure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the cervical flexure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The degree of cervical flexure folding depends on what? |
|
Definition
| The species and their lifestyle |
|
|
Term
| 3 divisions of the nervous system |
|
Definition
Central
Peripheral
Autonomic |
|
|
Term
| Features of the central nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Features of the Peripheral nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 layers of the spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the marginal layer of the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the mantle layer of the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the germinal layer of the spinal cord located? |
|
Definition
| Lining the canal and ventricular system |
|
|
Term
| What does the marginal layer of the spinal cord contain? |
|
Definition
| White matter: Axons & dendrites |
|
|
Term
| What does the mantle layer of the spinal cord contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the germinal layer of the spinal cord contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sulcus limitans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the sulus limitans located? |
|
Definition
| Between the alar plate and the basal plate |
|
|
Term
| Where is the alar plate located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the basal plate located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of information does the alar plate convey? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of information does the basal plate convey? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is gray matter located in the brain? |
|
Definition
Cortical & Subcortical
(Surface & Nuclei) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Collection of cells imbedded in white matter |
|
|
Term
| What does white matter of the brain form? |
|
Definition
| Tracts, pathways, discrete structures |
|
|
Term
| Where are gray and white matter located in the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
gray- under the surface
white- surface bundles |
|
|
Term
| What are the gray matter structures of the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structures does spinal cord white matter form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a large bundle of white matter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a small bundle of white matter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is gray matter located in the peripheral system? |
|
Definition
dorsal root ganglia (spinal ganglia)
autonomic ganglia
ganglia of sensory cranial nerves |
|
|
Term
| Where is white matter located in the peripheral nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the trapezoid body and caudal fourth ventricle located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure forms the rostral limit of the myelencephalon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure indicates the caudal extent of the myelencephalon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the transverse fibers of the pons found? |
|
Definition
| On the ventral surface of the metencephalon |
|
|
Term
| Where is the cerebellum located? |
|
Definition
| On the dorsal surface of the metencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What are the three pairs of cerebellar peduncles? |
|
Definition
| Middle (aka lateral), caudal, and rostral |
|
|
Term
| How are the cerebellar peduncles named? |
|
Definition
| From where the fibers come from |
|
|
Term
| What is a cerebellar peduncle? |
|
Definition
| A stalk of white matter that attaches the cerebellum to the brain |
|
|
Term
| Where is the rostral half of the fourth ventricle located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the crus cerebri found? |
|
Definition
| On the ventral surface of the mesencephalon, in left and right bundles |
|
|
Term
| What two paired structures make up the corpora quadrigemina? |
|
Definition
Rostral colliculus
Caudal colliculus |
|
|
Term
| In which adult brain section is the corpora quadrigemina found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On a cross section of the mesencephalon, where are the tectum, tegmentum, and mesencephalic aquaduct found? |
|
Definition
Tectum- dorsal
Tegmentum- ventral
Aquaduct- hole in middle |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 subdivisions of the diencephalon? |
|
Definition
| Thalamus, Epithalamus, Metathalamus, Subthalamus, and Hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| Which subdivision of the diencephalon cannot be grossly identified? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the optic chiasm? |
|
Definition
| Crossing of the optic nerves |
|
|
Term
| Where is the optic chiasm located? |
|
Definition
| On the ventral surface of the diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What are the rostral and caudal limits of the diencephalon? |
|
Definition
Rostral- optic chiasm
Caudal- mammillary body |
|
|
Term
| Where is the mammillary body located? |
|
Definition
| On the ventral surface of the diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What is the path of the optic tract over the diencephalon? |
|
Definition
| Extends over the lateral surface, from ventral to dorsal |
|
|
Term
| What structures make up the metathalamus? |
|
Definition
| Lateral and medial geniculate bodies |
|
|
Term
| What is the site of terination of the optic tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the third ventricle found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the epithalamus located? |
|
Definition
| On the dorsal midline of the diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| Which segment of the brain is made up of the cerebrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the cerebrum divided? |
|
Definition
| Into left and right hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| Where are the lateral ventricles located? |
|
Definition
| In the left (I) and right (II) cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| What is the general function of the ANS? |
|
Definition
| Coordinate the internal environment with external stimuli |
|
|
Term
| What are the divisions of the ANS? |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic and parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
| What happens to heart rate and GI motility under the influence of the sympathetic nervous system? |
|
Definition
Heart rate goes up
GI motility goes down |
|
|
Term
| What happens to heart rate and GI motility under the influence of the parasympathetic nervous system? |
|
Definition
Heart rate goes down
GI motility goes up |
|
|
Term
| What brain structure is the central control for the ANS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which portion of the hypothalamus regulates parasympathetic functions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which portion of the hypothalamus regulates sympathetic functions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the target structures of the ANS? |
|
Definition
| Heart, smooth muscle, glands |
|
|
Term
| What are the target structures of the somatic system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many types of neurons make up the ANS? |
|
Definition
| 2- excitation & inhibition |
|
|
Term
| How many types of neurons are in the somatic system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four classes of ANS ganglia? |
|
Definition
| Prevertebral, paravertebral, terminal, other |
|
|
Term
| What types of ganglia are found in the somatic system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of nerve fibers are found in the ANS? |
|
Definition
| Preganglionic & postganglionic |
|
|
Term
| How many nerve fibers are associated with a somatic system pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitter is secreted by both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a sympathetic postganglionic fiber secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a parasynpathetic postganglionic fiber secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adrenergic refers to fibers of which system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cholinergic refers to fibers of which system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a sympathetic pathway, which fiber is longer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a parasympathetic pathway, which fiber is longer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic NS found? |
|
Definition
| Lateral horn of thoracolumbar spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Where are paravertebral ganglia located? |
|
Definition
| Next to vertebrae- either as the sympathetic chain or cervical ganglia |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 cervical ganglia? |
|
Definition
| Cranial, middle caudal and cervicothoracic |
|
|
Term
| Where can you fins prevertebral ganglia? |
|
Definition
| Associated with blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| Which vessels have associated ganglia? |
|
Definition
Celiac a.
Cranial mesenteric a.
Caudal mesenteric a. |
|
|
Term
| What are some "other" sympathetic ganglia? |
|
Definition
| Those associated with the aorta, kidney, adrenal gland |
|
|
Term
| What is the ramus communicans? |
|
Definition
| Communicating branch between the spinal nerve and the sympathetic chain |
|
|
Term
| Trace the pathway of sympathetic nerve fibers |
|
Definition
| Lateral horn out through ventral root and ramus communicans to synapse in a paravertebral ganglion, then out through a spinal nerve to target |
|
|
Term
| What does sudomotor refer to? |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic innervation of sweat glands |
|
|
Term
| What does pilomotor refer to? |
|
Definition
| sympathetic innervation to arrector pili muscles |
|
|
Term
| What does vasomotor refer to? |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic innervation of vascular smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| Examples of sympathetic preganglionic named nerves |
|
Definition
| Major splanchnic, minor splanchnic, lumbar splanchnic |
|
|
Term
| Examples of postganglionic sympathetic named nerves |
|
Definition
| hypogastric, vertebral nerves |
|
|
Term
| Pathway of sympathetic innervation to the head |
|
Definition
| TL cord, ventral root, ramus communicans, sympathetic chain, CT ganglion, middle cervical ganglion, vagosympathetic trunk, cranial cervical ganglion, target |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system? |
|
Definition
| Conserving and restoring the internal environment |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What portions of the spinal cord does the parasympathetic nervous system originate from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which area of the sacral spinal cord do preganglion PNS fibers originate from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do postganglionic fibers of the PNS synapse? |
|
Definition
| Named ganglia or terminal ganglia in organ walls |
|
|
Term
| Where does the CN III component of the PNS originate and synapse? |
|
Definition
Edinger Westphal nucleus
Ciliary ganglion |
|
|
Term
| Where do the CN VII components of the PNS originate and synapse? |
|
Definition
rostral salivatory--> mandibular ganglion
lacrimal--> pterygopalatine ganglion |
|
|
Term
| Where does the CN IX component of the PNS originate and synapse? |
|
Definition
| caudal salivatory nucleus --> otic ganglion |
|
|
Term
| Where does the CN X component of the PNS originate and synapse? |
|
Definition
| dorsal vagal nucleus --> terminal ganglia in organ walls |
|
|
Term
| Where does the sacral component of the PNS originate and synapse? |
|
Definition
| PNS sacral neurons --> pelvic ganglion or terminal ganglia in organ walls |
|
|
