Sensory

Carries info away from the body to the CNS

Motor

CNS -> PNS

also known as a nerve cell

sends and recieves info to and from another nerve cell, muscle or gland

most common

motor neuron

interneuron

extensive dendrite branches

sensory neurons

one process

Interneuron

facilitates communication between sensory and motor

bundle of axons in the CNS

smaller than a tract

bundle of axons in the PNS

cranial and spinal nerves

Pillar of fibers

in the spinal cord

excitatory

inside the cells becomes more positive

inhibitatory

inside the cell becomes more negative

spread of info from one neuron or neuronal pool to many others

parallel processing

many responses happen simultaneously

divergent process

most abundant excitatory

important in learning and memory

abnormal activity can produce seizures

most abunadant inhibitory

important in motor and vision and plays a role in emotion regulation (anxiety)

inhibitory or excitatory

abundant in the PNS

common at neuromuscular junctions

Myasthenia gravis and Alzheimers

mainly excitatory (can be inhibitory)

involved in attention, vigilance, readiness

tend to find low levels in stroke patients

inhibitory

lack of serotonin related to decreased attention, chronic depression, mood changes

also relates to regulation of body temp, mood, appetite, pain

can be inhibitory or excititory

Parkinsons Disease, decreased production of dopamine

imbalances related to schizophrenia, ADHD

cocaine increases dopamine production

provide the structure and support around the cell bodies

support neural plasticity and the brain's adaptation after injury

line the ventricles of the brain and spinal cord

specialized types are from the choroid plexus - manufactures cerebrospinal fluid

scavenger function

clenaing debris after neural cell damage

44 & 45

made up of pars triangularis and pars opercularis

speech production

movement and planning

22

speech comprehension and hearing

1, 2, 3

sensory strip

post-central gyrus

recieves impulses from the Thalamus

recieves feedback from skin, muscles, tendons and joints

4

motor strip

pre-central gyrus

6

Supplement to the primary projection cortex

Relates to extrapyramidal division of the motor system (involuntary movements)

6

ventral

control of sequential movements

intiation of speech

Heshcl's Gyrus

41

Found in each of the temporal lobes

Larger in the left hemisphere, may be due to language dominance

17

Striate Area

Occipital Lobes – along the calcarine fissure

Receives information from the optic tract

Damage causes various degrees of blindness

28

Receives information from the olfactory tract that ends in the olfactory bulbs

Deep in the temporal lobe

Includes the uncus and nearby portions of the parahippocampal gyri

adjacent to primary motor and sensory area

only one type of info is processed

close to unimodal areas

process two or more sensory modalities (vision and hearing)

matches past and present sensory info

highest level of processing

areas not directly linked to motor or sensory functions

connect an area in one hemisphere with an area in the opposite hemisphere

largest set of commissural fibers in the brain

connects the olfactory bulbs, amygdaloid nuclei (amygdala nucleus in each hemisphere), and the medial and inferior temporal lobes

connect areas in the occipital lobes (areas for eye movement and control)

Connect areas between lobes

connects Wernicke’s area in the temporal lobe to Broca’s area in the frontal lobe

 Superior Longitudinal fasciculus

 Longer, more broad reaching set of fibers that connects areas in the posterior of temporal lobe to the pre and association motor areas in the frontal lobe

long axons of neurons that send impulses to a distant structure in the brain and the spinal cord

spatial processing

visual processing

some relation to language perception

related to memory

part of Limbic system

related to emotions

part of the Limbic system

Primary Motor Projection Cortex (4)

Pre-Motor Cortex (6)

Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) (6)

Primary Somatosensory Cortex (1, 2, 3)

Primary Auditory Cortex (41) - Heschl's

Primary Visual Cortex (17)

Primary Olfactory Cortex (28)